For the purposes of this Part, "hoisting equipment" means machines capable of moving a load in a horizontal direction (excluding lifts used for carrying persons and goods); the types of such equipment are as follows.
(a) Crane: a hoist capable of moving a suspended load in both the vertical and horizontal directions.
(b) Travelling crane: a crane that runs on one or more rails.
(c) Overhead travelling crane: a travelling crane that runs on rails at a suitable height beneath the factory roof and can move a load along the length, width, and height of the working area.
(d) Gantry crane: a travelling crane mounted on two truss-shaped legs and fitted with several vertical hoisting units, capable of carrying a load with it from one point to another along its rail track.
(e) Monorail crane: a travelling crane whose hoisting unit and control cab (where fitted) are, while suspended, moved by wheels running on a single overhead rail.
(f) Motorised travelling crane (locomotive crane): a crane mounted on a motorised vehicle.
(g) Jib crane: a fixed or slewing crane having a horizontal or inclined jib, by which the load-carrying wire rope is supported. In this equipment, the position of the hook relative to the crane's axis of rotation is determined by the length and inclination of the jib; in some cases, where the jib is horizontal, the load may be moved by means of a travelling trolley.
(h) Portable floor crane (portable floor hoist): a crane mounted on wheels that moves on the ground.
(i) Platform crane (tiering hoist): a crane fitted with a special platform for placing the load and carrying it between areas and stacking it at various heights and locations.
(j) Building crane / winch (crabs and winches): a fixed crane in which the hoisting chain or wire rope is wound onto a drum, and whose base is secured to the ground by foundation bolts or other means.
(k) Electric hoist: a fixed or travelling crane whose wire-rope or chain drum is driven by an electric motor to raise and lower the load. This hoist may operate independently or be used as an auxiliary hoist for another hoisting unit.
(l) Pneumatic hoist: a crane similar to the hoist described in item (k), whose driving power is compressed air.
(m) Chain hoist: a fixed or travelling crane that is hand-operated and comprises one or more chain wheels.
(n) Block-and-tackle hoist: a fixed or travelling hoist that is hand-operated and comprises one or more pulley blocks, by means of which the load is moved by a hook.
(o) Load-securing and lifting tackle (hoisting tackle): comprises rope, steel wire rope, chain, and the fittings used to connect them to one another, such as hook rings, wire-rope clamps, and the like.
Construction and maintenance.
Chapter One - Definitions
Chapter Two - General Provisions
In hoisting equipment generally, the following points shall be observed.
(a) The various parts of the frame, the power-transmission components, and other fittings shall have their mechanical strength fully approved by the competent authority.
(b) The equipment shall be inspected and maintained at all times (whether in operation or at rest), and due care shall be taken in its repair.
(c) It shall be inspected daily by the person in charge of the equipment and, at least once a week, thoroughly inspected by the relevant specialist who bears overall technical responsibility for it.
Non-marking of rated capacity.
The maximum rated capacity of the hoist shall be clearly and legibly marked by the manufacturer on each machine.
Prohibition on lifting loads in excess of capacity.
On all hoists, lifting a load in excess of the rated capacity is prohibited, except during testing of the equipment.
The load shall at all times be raised and lowered smoothly, such that no shock is imparted to the equipment at the start of lifting, during lowering, or upon stopping.
Screws and nuts.
In hoisting equipment, all connecting screws and nuts shall be made, threaded, and tapped such that each screw is of sufficient length and the nuts can be tightened further where necessary; likewise, the screws and nuts of moving parts shall be fitted with spring washers or similar devices to prevent the nuts from loosening.
Diameter of hoist wire-rope drums.
The diameter of wire-rope drums shall not be less than 30 times the diameter of the wire rope, provided that it is at least equal to 300 times the diameter of the thickest wire of the rope; it is, however, preferable that the diameter of the drum be taken as equal to 450 times the diameter of the thickest wire of the rope.
Both ends of the wire-rope drum shall have flanges, and the height of these flanges shall not be less than 2.5 times the diameter of the relevant wire rope.
The flanges at both ends of wire-rope drums shall be effectively and securely fixed to the drum.
Electrical equipment.
All electrical equipment of hoisting equipment shall comply with the protective regulations for electrical apparatus and installations.
Maximum lifting height of the load.
Hoists driven by an electric motor shall be fitted with a device that automatically cuts off the electric drive when the load reaches the maximum height provided for.
Protective brakes.
Hoists shall be fitted with protective brakes, and these brakes shall be designed and rated so as to be capable of holding a load equal to one and a half times the rated capacity of the hoist.
Control ropes of hoists operated from below.
The control ropes of hoists operated from below (whether electric or pneumatic hoists) shall have a special separator through whose holes the ropes pass individually, preventing them from twisting and tangling together. In addition, these ropes shall be marked in such a way as to clearly indicate the direction of movement of the load produced by pulling each of the ropes.
The lever handles of the control ropes of electric and pneumatic hoists operated from below shall be made so as to be clearly distinguishable from one another, such that the worker concerned can easily tell which lever is for raising and which for lowering the load.
In the various workplaces of a single industrial establishment, all lever handles of the control ropes of cranes operated from below shall be of one uniform shape, and their arrangement with respect to the direction of movement of the load shall be uniform.
Inspection.
Before a new hoist is put into service, all of its parts shall be inspected and tested by a competent person.
The bearing components subject to impact loading in hoisting equipment, and likewise the bearing components of wheels running on rails (where fitted), shall be:
(a) inspected carefully every day, before the hoist is used, by the worker concerned, to detect any parts that have become loose or worn;
(b) thoroughly and carefully inspected once a week by a specialist;
(c) thoroughly and carefully inspected at least once every twelve months by a responsible specialist;
(d) tested by a responsible specialist after every general overhaul.
Wire ropes, chains, belts, ropes, hooks and, in general, the fittings used for lifting a load shall be inspected daily by the signalling workers or by other persons who, in assisting the hoist operator, give instructions from the ground.
Wire ropes, chains, belts, ropes, hooks, sheave grooves, brakes, and automatic electrical devices shall be thoroughly and carefully inspected by the responsible specialist at least once every three months.
After every inspection and test (referred to in items (c) and (d) of Article 16 and in Article 18), the responsible authority or specialist shall issue a work authorisation certificate. This certificate shall at all times be filed and kept by the establishment concerned and produced whenever required.
Signalling.
Guidance for raising, lowering, and moving a load by hoisting equipment shall be given by means of distinct, uniform, and comprehensible signals determined by the competent authority, such that each movement has its own separate signal; it is preferable that these signals be given by arm or hand.
Where more than one assistant is present for lifting a load, signals shall be given only by one of them (chain handler, hook man, rigger, etc.) who is always within the field of view of the hoist operator. In every case, the hoist operator shall obey a stop signal given by any of the aforementioned assistants.
Movement of the load.
A load shall generally be raised and lowered vertically, such that it does not swing while being lifted.
Where it is necessary to lift a load at an angle:
(a) the necessary precautions shall be taken so that the workers concerned are not exposed to danger;
(b) the lifting of such a load shall be carried out in the presence of a responsible person.
Before signalling for a load to be lifted, the signallers shall be satisfied that:
(a) all ropes, wire ropes, belts, chains, grab hooks, and other connecting devices correctly hold the load and are securely attached to one another and to the hook;
(b) the load in question is properly balanced and even, and that no obstruction lies in its path such that, on striking it, the load or the obstruction would be displaced or possibly damaged;
(c) other workers are not exposed to danger or collision as a result of the load being raised.
Should a load, for any reason, not be lifted properly, the signaller shall immediately give the instruction to hold the load and signal for it to be lowered for re-adjustment.
During horizontal displacement or lowering of a load, the signallers shall direct the movement so that the load does not collide with other objects.
Hoist operators shall take care to avoid, as far as possible, carrying a load over the heads of persons.
When carrying dangerous loads, such as molten material and loads carried by a magnetic crane, special signals shall be given for workers to move to a place of safety, and the movement of the hoist shall be stopped until the workers have reached a place of safety.
While hoists are under repair or carrying a load, they shall not be positioned above the path of moving machines.
Before releasing the load's fastenings, the signaller shall make certain that no worker is near the load or exposed to danger.
When hoists are operating without a load:
(a) the signalling workers and the riggers shall, before giving the instruction to move, securely fasten the chain or wire rope to the relevant hook;
(b) the hoist operators shall first raise the hoist hook to a suitable height so that there is sufficient clearance between the hook and any persons or objects.
Hoist operators shall not leave the equipment while it is carrying a load.
Chapter Three - Cranes: Construction
Hazards related to travelling cranes.
Crane.
All parts of a crane that are subject to tension and compression, and that may also be exposed to impact, shall be made of steel or of another metal having properties similar to steel.
Cranes shall be constructed in such a way as to permit reliable lubrication and inspection of their various parts.
Guarding of power-transmission parts.
All gears and other moving parts used for power transmission shall be guarded in accordance with the relevant regulations.
Electromagnets of hoists.
Where a hoist is fitted with an electromagnet, the following points shall be observed.
(a) The electromagnet circuit shall be reliably maintained and protected, and the insulation resistance of this circuit shall be tested regularly.
(b) The magnet control switches shall be positioned and protected such that they cannot open of their own accord and thereby cut off the circuit current.
(c) The cable of the electromagnet circuit shall, as the magnet rises and descends, always be kept taut by means of a counterweight, a pulley, or an electrical device.
The lifting magnet shall never be left hanging while idle; it shall instead be placed on the ground or in its designated location, and whenever the crane is used for other work, its magnet shall be disconnected from the hook.
To prevent the hazards arising from the falling of a load from magnetic cranes owing to a blown fuse or loss of electric current:
(a) the magnets shall be guided using tongs or clamps made of non-magnetic material, and the workers guiding them shall not stand beneath the load;
(b) other persons and workers shall under no circumstances be permitted to stand or pass near the place where the magnetic crane is working.
Walkway for cranes guided from below.
For cranes guided from below, a clear walkway at least 90 centimetres wide shall be provided along the entire length of the crane's travel path.
Crane cab.
The location of the crane cab and its manner of construction shall be such that the crane operator always has the best possible view for carrying out operations.
Where crane operators do not have full command of the load's path and cannot see the crane's travel path, one or more signallers shall be present who are able to give the signals necessary for carrying out the operation.
The cabs of cranes operating in the open air shall be enclosed and fitted on all sides with sliding windows; the windows of the crane cab shall provide the operator with the best possible view.
Tool box.
The oil can and other tools and wrenches of the crane shall be kept in special boxes permanently placed in the crane cab or alongside its walkway.
Qualification and skill of crane operators.
Only the following persons have the right to operate a crane:
- authorised crane operators; - crane inspectors and repairers; - workers who have undergone training for at least two weeks under the supervision of an experienced and responsible operator. In general, all such persons shall be familiar with the mechanical and electrical equipment of the crane and shall also be aware of the hazards arising from related accidents.
For crane workers engaged in operating a crane, smoking, eating, drinking, and reading while working are prohibited.
Only persons who hold special medical clearance as to their physical fitness may be engaged in operating a crane cab or a crane-mounted truck.
The crane operator shall not permit any person to ride on the load, or to hang from the crane's hook or wire ropes and be carried by it.
Chapter Four - Travelling Cranes
Safety of travelling cranes.
General provisions.
The construction, operation, and maintenance of travelling cranes shall comply with the provisions laid down in Chapters Two and Three of this Regulation.
Clearance of travelling cranes.
The design and installation of a travelling crane shall be such that sufficient clearance always exists between the parts listed below.
(a) Between the highest point of the crane and any obstruction or structure located above it.
(b) Between any part of the crane and walls, columns, or other fixed structural members.
(c) Between the two ends of the crane and the two ends of the rails of its travel path.
Safety factor.
In calculating the structure of travelling cranes, on the assumption of the maximum load under the most severe conditions, a safety factor shall be taken into account for each part as follows.
(a) A safety factor of 3 for the lifting hook, where it is hand-operated.
(b) A safety factor of 4 for the lifting hook, where it is power-operated.
(c) A safety factor of 5 for the lifting hook, where it lifts hazardous materials such as molten iron and corrosive substances.
(d) A safety factor of 6 for the crane's lifting wire rope.
(e) A safety factor of 4 for the crane's structural steel parts.
Wind pressure.
Cranes operating in the open air shall:
(a) be designed for the maximum wind pressure at the location;
(b) be fitted with precautionary devices, such as wheel brakes, rail clamps, and special retaining devices for the wheels, and other precautionary fittings, such that these devices are able to withstand the greatest wind pressure possible at the location.
Crane chassis.
The chassis and load-bearing components of the crane, as well as the supports carrying the operator's cab or the brakes holding the crane's drive axle, shall be entirely welded or riveted to the chassis.
Guard flange for protection of the crane trolley.
The trolley chassis and both ends of the travelling-crane bridge shall have two strong projecting guard flanges, so as to prevent the trolley from falling in the event that a trolley-wheel axle shears or these wheels break.
All travelling cranes shall be fitted with special retaining devices which prevent a suspended wheel or gear wheel from falling should it break or come loose.
Safety catch of monorail cranes.
Monorail cranes fitted with swivel rings shall have one or more safety catches capable of holding the load should the chain fail.
Trolley chassis of monorail travelling cranes.
The trolley chassis of monorail cranes shall be protected in such a way as to prevent any risk of deformation.
Buffer-retaining devices and guards around the trolley of travelling cranes.
Travelling cranes shall be fitted with the following devices.
(a) The ends of the rails on which the crane travels, and likewise the rails along which the travelling bridge moves, shall either be curved upward or fitted with suitable buffers, such that the minimum height of the raised rail ends or of the buffers is equal to the height of the axle of the travelling wheels.
(b) The wheels of the travelling bridge, the wheels of the bridge supports, the wheels of the control cab or trolley, and the like, shall be fitted with suitable guards extending, on both sides, below the level of the rails and, at the front, up to the same line; these guards shall be so constructed as to prevent hands and feet from approaching the rotating parts while in motion.
Travel path of monorail cranes.
The travel path of monorail cranes shall be laid out such that the crane cannot, of its own accord, run onto an unsecured branch track.
Where a monorail crane travels along different tracks, a reliable interlock or precise track-alignment device shall be provided.
Walkway of monorail cranes.
Beneath monorail cranes, a suitable walkway shall be provided, whose edge is clearly and visibly marked with a line.
Platforms and gangways.
Travelling cranes shall have the following fittings.
(a) Fixed or suspended ladders, by means of which it is always possible to reach the control cab reliably from the ground and, from there, the bridge of the travelling crane.
(b) Platforms or gangways at least 45 centimetres wide, running along both sides of the bridge for its entire length.
(c) Platforms or gangways 30 centimetres wide at both ends of the crane trolley, running perpendicular to the bridge walkway.
(d) Where it is not possible to provide a reliable, suitable walkway at both ends of the control cab or crane trolley, a walkway at least 38 centimetres wide shall be provided at both ends of the travelling crane bridge, running transversely across the bridge. In general, the platforms and walkways of travelling cranes shall be sturdily constructed and properly fitted, with a protective guard rail provided around them.
In new buildings in which a travelling crane is installed, the minimum clearance between the floor of the crane walkway, or the bridge platform and trolley platform of the travelling crane, and any structure or obstruction located above it shall not be less than two metres.
The clearance between the travelling-bridge walkway and the crane-supporting truss shall be less than 20 centimetres.
The floor plates of the walkway or bridge platform of a travelling crane operating in the open air shall have gaps for water drainage. The width of these gaps shall not exceed 6 millimetres.
Where the ordinary walkway or platform of a travelling crane does not provide a reliable location for replacing or repairing the end trolley wheels, a special platform shall be provided for this purpose.
Alongside the legs of a gantry crane, and parallel to the rails of its travel path, two walkways shall be built such that these walkways are entirely unobstructed, are at least 75 centimetres wide, and extend the full length of the crane's travel path.
Control room or cab.
Travelling cranes guided by an operator from the crane itself shall be fitted with a control room or cab for the operator, and all control equipment shall be located in this room. This room shall have the following specifications.
(a) It shall be made of materials resistant to fire and, where it operates in the open air, protected against weather conditions.
(b) It shall be positioned and equipped such that the operator can, from his workstation, keep the entire surrounding area of the operation under observation, and such that no danger arises to him even when he needs to lean out of the room.
(c) It shall be fitted out so as to protect the operator against corrosive and burning materials, and shall in addition be equipped with protective devices against all resulting hazards.
(d) It shall be constructed and equipped so as to protect the operator against dangerous radiation, smoke, toxic fumes, and harmful gases.
(e) It shall be constructed and mounted in its position so as to have the least possible vibration and shaking.
Where the control room is more than 30 centimetres higher than the adjoining walkway, fixed metal steps that allow easy passage shall be provided.
In the control room of a travelling crane, a bucket full of sand and a fire extinguisher whose extinguishing agent is a non-conductor of electricity shall always be available for putting out fires.
The trolleys of travelling cranes shall be fitted with a floor.
Guarding of the crane bridge wheel axles.
All projecting parts of the wheel axles of the crane bridge shall be suitably and reliably covered by standard guards.
Electrical fittings.
In addition to the main travel switch located in the control room, a further main interlocked switch for cutting off the electric current shall be provided at a point above the control room that can be readily reached from the walkway.
In addition to the two switches referred to above, a further special interlocked switch, marked with the words "crane isolating switch", shall be positioned so as to be readily accessible from ground level; this switch shall specifically control the electricity supply to all parts of the crane and, where necessary, be capable of cutting off the current in the entire crane circuit.
All levers and control handles by which the various movements of the crane are controlled shall, upon being released, return automatically to their initial position and stop the corresponding movement.
The levers controlling the movements of a travelling crane shall be positioned such that the operator can easily see the direction of his own displacement.
Device limiting the height to which the load is raised.
This device shall meet the following conditions.
The limiting action shall be effected directly by the pulley or hook of the lifting equipment.
The mechanism of the device limiting the height to which the load is raised shall act directly and shall not employ an intermediate spring.
The limiting device shall:
(a) have a special lock that acts directly on the brake and prevents a sudden drop of the load;
(b) be fitted such that it can be reset to its initial position and made ready for use again from inside the control room.
The travelling-crane operator shall always test the device limiting the height to which the load is raised at the start and at the end of work.
Brakes of the hoisting equipment.
The load-lifting motor of travelling cranes shall be fitted with the following devices.
(a) A spring-applied brake releasable by electric current, such that the resisting torque of this brake is not less than the driving torque of the motor.
(b) Or a mechanical brake capable of holding a load equal to one and a half times the rated load of the crane.
The hoisting motors of travelling cranes whose rated load is five thousand kilograms or more shall have two electric brakes, or one mechanical brake and one electric brake.
Lighting.
On the bridges of travelling cranes operating in the open, lights shall be fitted so that, in darkness, the lifting hooks always remain clearly visible.
Control of bridge movement of overhead travelling cranes.
Overhead travelling cranes shall be fitted with suitable hand- or foot-operated brakes for controlling the movement of the crane bridge.
Wheels of gantry cranes.
The wheels of gantry cranes shall be fitted with a guard or special cover.
The trolley of a gantry crane shall be fitted with special clamps, so that, for gantry work at a fixed point or when work stops, the wheels of the legs can be secured to the rails.
Warning devices.
Travelling cranes shall be fitted with alarm devices, and these devices shall be within reach of the crane operator, for use when necessary.
Operation of the control devices.
Before closing the main switch or the secondary switch, the crane operator shall be entirely certain that all control devices are in the "off" position and that connecting the current will not create any electrical or mechanical hazard for persons nearby.
Should the current in the electrical circuit be disrupted or cut off, the crane operator shall immediately switch off all control switches and ensure that they remain switched off until the current is restored.
The travelling-crane operator shall not rely solely on the automatic device that controls and stops the motor at the end of its range of travel, but shall also monitor and control the displacement of the crane and the load from within the control room.
Before leaving the control room, the crane operator shall switch all control devices to the "off" position and switch off the main switches and lock them.
Two or more cranes operating on the same track.
Where more than one travelling crane operates on the same track, the minimum clearance between two travelling cranes shall not be less than 9 metres.
Lifting a load by means of two travelling cranes.
Where two travelling cranes are used to lift a single load, it shall be observed that:
(a) signals are given to the operators of both cranes by one signaller only;
(b) the necessary precautions are taken to ensure the correct coordination of the work of the two cranes;
(c) where the two lifting cranes are of the jib type, the fixed and moving parts of the jib on both cranes are adjusted to an equal inclination.
Carrying a load by means of a gantry crane.
When a gantry crane is used to carry a load, the signallers or other persons responsible who direct the operation from the ground shall move ahead of the load, warn any persons who are in the load's path, and take care that the rail points are correctly set and that the load is at a height such that it does not strike any obstruction.
Repair of travelling cranes.
Whenever a travelling crane needs repair, it shall, as far as possible, be moved away from the working area so as not to hinder the work of other workers or disrupt the operation of other cranes; likewise, a repair platform shall, wherever possible, be erected around the crane, or a protective tarpaulin shall be stretched at a suitable height beneath the crane to protect the repair workers.
Where a travelling crane does not have a suitable arm for connecting to the pulleys used for repair, a suitable iron arm of sufficient strength, capable of lifting the heaviest components of the trolley, shall be fitted for the repair of the travelling crane.
Before beginning the repair of travelling cranes, the repair workers shall observe the following points.
(a) Ensure that all electrical controls are switched off and that the main and secondary switches are both open, with one of them locked.
(b) Place signboards bearing the words "crane under repair" on the crane and likewise on the ground around the repair area.
(c) Where other travelling cranes are operating on the ground on the same track, place a reliable stop at a suitable distance along the rail track, or use other protective devices to halt them.
In travelling cranes, before removing the pulley axle or the wire-rope drums, or before replacing the armature of the load-lifting motor, all the relevant wire ropes shall be unwound from the pulleys; should this not be possible, the drive mechanism shall be reliably locked to prevent the wire-rope pulleys from turning.
After completing repairs to travelling cranes, all guards and protective devices shall be put back in their places, and, before the travelling crane is put back into operation, all tools, wrenches, and other items brought into the area for the repair shall be collected.
Working in the vicinity of overhead travelling cranes.
Whenever a person works on, or in the vicinity of, the path of a crane or travelling bridge, the necessary and effective precautions shall be taken to ensure that the distance between the crane bridge and this person is never less than 6 metres.
Chapter Five - Motorised Mobile Cranes
Telescopic crane.
General provisions.
Compliance with the provisions of Chapters Two and Three of this Regulation, which relate respectively to hoisting equipment and to cranes, is likewise mandatory, as regards construction, use, repair, and maintenance, for motorised mobile cranes operating in workplaces.
Marking the capacity of the motorised mobile crane.
The capacity of motorised mobile cranes shall be clearly marked inside or outside the control room. In addition, the maximum permitted load shall be determined and indicated for the various positions of the crane jib and the various positions of the lifting pulley, both with and without a jib extension.
Overload alarm.
Motorised mobile cranes shall be fitted with an automatic alarm that gives a clear, loud warning whenever the crane lifts a load in excess of the permitted load.
Clearance for the human body.
So that workers are not caught between the moving parts of the motorised crane and the body of the carrying trolley and thereby injured, a clearance of at least 35 centimetres shall be maintained between the rotating part and the body of the carrying trolley.
Steps and surrounding rails.
The carrying trolley and the control room of the motorised crane shall be fitted with steps and surrounding rails such that the crane's control room and the operator's workstation can be entered easily and without danger.
Control room.
On each side of the control room of motorised mobile cranes, a door shall be fitted such that the door hinges are at the rear, each door opens outward, and each is fitted with handles such that, whichever way the handle is turned, the door opens.
The floor of the carrying-trolley platform of a motorised mobile crane, and the floor of its control room, shall be covered with special wooden planking or ribbed (chequer) plate, so as to reduce the risk of workers slipping.
The control room of motorised mobile cranes that operate on steam shall have an unobstructed walkway running its full length.
Steam boilers.
Compliance with the provisions of the Regulation on Steam-Generating Equipment and Hot-Water Boilers, as regards the construction, operation, maintenance, and repair of such boilers, is likewise mandatory for travelling cranes that operate on steam.
Engines.
Diesel and petrol engines and steam engines in motorised mobile cranes shall be fitted with suitable guards, so that their operators are protected from the risk of contact with moving parts.
The steam-exhaust pipe and the cylinder valves of motorised mobile cranes that operate on steam shall be led outside by long pipes, so that water does not enter the floor of the control room and cause a slipping hazard.
In motorised mobile cranes, the ends of the pipes through which gas, steam, or the injector overflow water discharge shall point downward.
Wheel brakes.
The trolley wheels of motorised mobile cranes shall be fitted with both a hand brake and a mechanical brake.
Automatic coupling.
The trolley of motorised mobile cranes shall have automatic couplings at the front and rear, such that the couplings can be released from either side of the trolley.
Control levers.
The control levers of motorised mobile cranes shall be fitted with devices by which they can be locked in the neutral (released) position.
Wire-rope guards.
For motorised mobile cranes, wire-rope guards shall be provided at the following points.
(a) At the end sections of the jib, so as to prevent the wire-rope hook from striking the sheave groove.
(b) In the area where the jib guide wire runs over its idler sheave.
Electrical equipment.
A motorised mobile crane that operates on electric current shall have a reliable connection to earth.
Lighting.
Where motorised mobile cranes operate at night, the following points shall be observed.
(a) The crane shall have a headlamp and at least one red lamp at the rear.
(b) The lamps inside the control room shall be fitted such that their light does not interfere with the crane operators' vision, while at the same time allowing the operators to clearly see their workplace and to correctly monitor the measuring instruments, water level, and steam pressure gauge.
Warning devices.
Motorised mobile cranes shall be fitted with strong warning horns, for use before the crane is started and, where necessary, while it is moving.
Manoeuvring the equipment.
While motorised mobile cranes are moving:
(a) where the crane travels on rails, only authorised persons shall be permitted to switch the rail points;
(b) crane operators shall make certain that, while the crane is moving, the jib does not strike buildings or trusses, and shall in addition keep the jib low enough that it does not collide with objects located above the crane.
Before operators of motorised mobile cranes leave their workplace, whether because their shift has ended or because of a temporary stop, they shall apply the trolley brake, rest the crane jib, released, on its support, and lock all control devices or secure them in their neutral position.
Chapter Six - Jib Cranes
Overview of the safety principles of jib cranes.
General provisions.
Compliance with the provisions of Chapters Two and Three of this Regulation, which relate respectively to hoisting equipment and to cranes, is likewise mandatory, as regards construction, use, repair, and maintenance, for jib cranes operating in workplaces.
Marking the capacity of the jib crane.
The capacity of the jib crane in relation to the various angles of the jib and, for cranes with a horizontal jib, in relation to the various positions of the trolley travelling along the jib, shall be clearly marked on the sides of the jib, or on the columns or supports.
Jib cranes shall be fitted with an automatic alarm device that sounds a clear, loud alarm whenever the crane lifts a load in excess of the maximum permitted load.
Columns or supports.
The base plates supporting the lower heels of jib cranes shall rest on a firm foundation, and the upper heels shall likewise be firmly installed, so that they can withstand the various forces imposed upon them.
Cranes whose jib carries a travelling trolley shall be fitted with effective retaining devices capable of preventing the trolley from running off the rail at either end of the crane jib.
Jib cranes fitted with a hand-operated hoist.
The hand-operated hoist of a jib crane shall have the following fittings.
(a) The axle of the hoisting wire-rope pulley shall be fitted with a pawl and ratchet wheel, or a worm and worm wheel (non-self-reversing), so as to hold the load while suspended or when the hand is removed from the operating lever.
(b) Braking devices for controlling the movement of the load while it is being lowered.
Chapter Seven - Portable Floor Cranes and Platform Cranes (Load Trolleys)
Inspection of the crane and load-handling equipment.
General provisions.
Compliance with the provisions of Chapter Two of this Regulation, which relates to hoisting equipment, is likewise mandatory, as regards construction, use, maintenance, and repair, for portable floor cranes and platform cranes (load trolleys).
Control devices.
The control and movement-management devices of all motor-driven portable floor cranes and platform cranes (load trolleys) operating in a single workplace shall be such that identical movements of the control handles produce identical actions.
Control levers.
The control levers of portable floor cranes and platform cranes (load trolleys) shall be positioned and protected in locations that are safe from accidental contact with moving or fixed parts.
Earthing.
Portable floor cranes and platform cranes (load trolleys) that operate on electricity shall be effectively earthed.
Guard for the operator's platform.
The operator's platform on portable floor cranes and platform cranes (load trolleys) shall have a suitable guard to protect the operator and shall also have a means of access to the platform.
Wheel guards.
The trolley wheels of portable floor cranes and platform cranes (load trolleys) shall have a special guard for the protection of the wheels.
Wheel brakes.
Motor-driven portable floor cranes and platform cranes (load trolleys) shall be fitted with effective brakes acting on the drive axle or on the wheels.
Warning devices.
Motor-driven portable floor cranes and platform cranes (load trolleys) shall be fitted with hand-operated audible warning devices.
Prohibition on riding on the load.
The operator of a portable floor crane or a platform crane (load trolley) shall prevent persons from riding on the load being carried, on the control platform, or on any other part of the crane.
Outriggers (stabiliser legs) of portable floor cranes.
The outriggers of a portable floor crane shall be constructed and fitted such that, when not in use, they can be set to the vertical position and reliably held in that position.
Platform cranes (load trolleys) with an articulated or telescopic arm.
Platform cranes (load trolleys) with an articulated or telescopic arm shall be fitted with automatic latches or other suitable devices to prevent the accidental collapse of the upper parts.
Limit switches and load-holding brakes on platform cranes (load trolleys).
Platform cranes (load trolleys) that operate on electricity shall be fitted with the following devices.
(a) Limit switches that prevent the crane platform from rising or descending beyond its permitted range.
(b) An electric or mechanical brake for controlling the descent of the load.
Unloading of platform cranes (load trolleys).
Unloading of platform cranes (load trolleys) shall, as far as possible, be carried out by mechanical means.
Repositioning of platform cranes (load trolleys).
When repositioning a platform crane (load trolley) that is carrying a load, the platform shall be lowered so as to minimise the risk of the crane overturning.
Chapter Eight - Building Cranes (Winches)
Operation and safety of overhead-type cranes.
General provisions.
Compliance with the provisions of Chapter Two of this Regulation, which relates to hoisting equipment, is likewise mandatory, as regards construction, use, maintenance, and repair, for building cranes (winches) operating in workplaces.
Construction requirements.
All the various parts of the frame of building cranes (winches) shall be made of metal.
Safety factors.
For the frame and wire-rope drum of building cranes (winches), at the maximum load anticipated, the safety factors shall be at least as follows.
(a) For cast-iron parts: 12.
(b) For cast-steel parts: 8.
(c) For malleable steel parts and structural iron: 5.
Foundation.
The supports or frame of building cranes (winches) shall be firmly and reliably founded on a solid base.
Brakes.
All building cranes (winches), other than those fitted with a worm and worm wheel that brakes automatically, shall be fitted with devices that, should the driving power be cut off, hold the load firmly in whatever position it happens to be at that moment.
Wire-rope drum.
The length and diameter of the wire-rope drum shall, wherever possible, be such that the load-lifting wire rope is wound onto it in a single layer only.
Control levers.
The control levers of building cranes (winches) shall be fitted with special locking devices.
Building cranes (winches) that operate on steam.
Building cranes (winches) that operate on steam shall be constructed and installed so that:
(a) workers are in no way exposed to scalding by boiling water or steam;
(b) the steam escaping from the exhaust pipes does not obstruct the view of the workers concerned in the working area.
Hand-operated building cranes (winches).
Hand-operated building cranes (winches) shall be designed and built such that the maximum force that any worker needs to apply to the driving handle or handles, to lift the maximum permitted load, does not exceed ten kilograms.
Hand-operated building cranes (winches) shall be fitted with the following devices.
(a) The wire-rope drum axle shall have a pawl and ratchet wheel, or a self-braking worm and worm wheel, so as to prevent the driving handle from turning backward at any point while the load is being lifted.
(b) Effective brakes, such that the descent of the load is controlled.
The driving handles of hand-operated building cranes (winches) shall be constructed such that:
(a) when the load is being lowered by the brake, the driving handles do not turn; or
(b) the driving handles are removed from their place before the load is lowered.
In building cranes (winches) whose driving handles can be removed from their place, these handles shall be fitted onto the axle in a reliable manner, so that they cannot come off the axle suddenly.
Note - Devices known as "well winches", used for raising water or soil from a well, are not covered by this Regulation; provisions for them will be established at a later date.
Chapter Nine - Electric, Pneumatic and Chain Hoists
Electric, pneumatic and chain hoists.
General provisions.
Compliance with the provisions of Chapter Two of this Regulation, which relates to hoisting equipment, is likewise mandatory, as regards construction, use, maintenance, and repair, for electric, pneumatic, and chain hoisting cranes.
Electric hoists.
Electric hoists shall:
(a) be made entirely of steel;
(b) be designed and calculated such that the minimum safety factor for the maximum anticipated load is not less than 8 for cast steel and 5 for structural iron or malleable steel;
(c) be fitted with automatic brakes capable of holding the load while the crane is stationary.
The control devices of electric hoists shall be fitted with devices such that, when the handles connected to the control ropes are released, they automatically return to the neutral position.
The control ropes of electric hoists shall be made of insulating material.
Pneumatic hoists.
Suspended pneumatic hoists shall be made entirely of steel and shall be designed and calculated such that the minimum safety factor for the maximum anticipated load is 8 for cast steel and 5 for malleable steel and structural iron.
The cylinders of suspended pneumatic hoists shall be connected to the trolley or to other supports by means of a special wedge, safety hooks, or other connecting devices, so as to prevent the equipment from becoming detached.
The pistons of suspended pneumatic hoists shall be reliably connected to the piston rod by means of a castellated (slotted) nut and split pin.
The control levers of the air-distribution box in suspended pneumatic hoists shall be fitted with devices such that the levers automatically return to the neutral position when the control rope is released.
Chain hoist (hand-operated).
The suspension member of hand-operated chain hoists shall have sufficient strength and capacity to carry the load hanging from it.
The components of chain hoists that bear the weight of the load shall:
(a) be designed and calculated such that the minimum safety factor for the maximum anticipated load is 8 for cast steel and 5 for malleable steel and structural iron;
(b) not be made of cast iron.
Chain hoists shall be fitted with a worm and worm wheel, or other devices, such that the load is automatically held while suspended.
Chapter Ten - Block-and-Tackle Hoists
General provisions.
Compliance with the provisions of Articles 1 to 4, and likewise Articles 15 to 29, of Chapter Two of this Regulation, which relate to hoisting equipment, is likewise mandatory, as regards construction, maintenance, and repair, for block-and-tackle hoists.
Suspension fitting.
The upper block of block-and-tackle hoists shall be fitted with a hook, grab, or clamps by which the hoist is securely suspended from the supporting fitting.
Ropes.
The type and diameter of the ropes used in block-and-tackle hoists shall be proportionate to the dimensions of the blocks.
The blocks of block-and-tackle hoists shall be fitted with devices such that workers are not obliged, when hanging or repositioning the load, to place their hands on the ropes or chains.
Chapter Eleven - Load-Lifting Tackle
Duties of the safety officer for load lifting and moving by crane.
Chains.
Chains used for securing and lifting loads shall be made of malleable iron or of steel meeting the specifications set out in international standards or in a standard prescribed by the competent authority (the Ministry of Labour).
The rings, hooks, grabs, and clamps of chains used for securing and lifting loads shall be selected to match the material of the chain to which they are attached, provided that the chain is made of malleable iron or ordinary steel; in any event, a separate examination and test shall be carried out in each particular case.
For chains, the minimum safety factor, calculated on the maximum permitted load, shall be 5.
Chains shall be replaced in the following cases.
(a) Where reliability has been lost as a result of lifting a load in excess of capacity, or as a result of improper re-annealing.
(b) Where the length has increased by more than 5% of the original length.
(c) Where more than a quarter of the original thickness of the chain links has been worn away through use.
The tensile strength of all new or repaired chains shall be tested before use, and the permitted weight of load that they may safely lift vertically shall be clearly and legibly marked on the hook or hook-retaining ring, or on a special additional ring that serves this purpose only, attached to the end of the chain and playing no part in lifting the load.
The permitted load rating for lifting chains, and likewise the permitted load rating for sling chains at various sling angles, shall be clearly set out in a special table displayed in full view, and the contents of the table and its manner of use shall be thoroughly taught to those who work with these chains.
Except in the cases specified in Article 172 of this Regulation, lifting chains that run over grooved sheaves or wheels shall be lubricated regularly and adequately at fixed intervals.
When a crane operates in foundries or in other workplaces where lubrication might cause sand or similar material to stick to the hoisting chain, the hoisting chain shall not be lubricated. Likewise, load-slinging chains shall never be lubricated.
Before chains are used for lifting a load, care shall be taken that they are not twisted or kinked and are free of knots.
Where a load has sharp sides or edges, suitable pieces of soft material shall be placed between the sharp edges and the lifting chain while it is being lifted.
Broken links of chains used for securing and lifting loads shall under no circumstances be rejoined by means of a bolt, nail, rivet, wire, or other connecting device and returned to use.
Lifting chains shall be wound onto drums, shafts, or sheaves fitted with grooves matching the shape and dimensions of the chain, such that the chain can lie on these components without twisting and can run smoothly.
Chains used for securing and lifting loads, together with their rings, grabs, and other connectors, shall be examined for stretching, wear, corrosion, cracking, and any other damage before the start of each work shift, unless they have already been inspected and tested within the preceding three months.
Where any links of chains used for securing and lifting loads show corrosion, breakage, bending, or cutting, those links shall be replaced.
Chains used for securing and lifting loads shall undergo heat treatment (re-annealing) at intervals not exceeding the following limits.
(a) For chains of 12.5 millimetres diameter or less, and likewise for chains used to carry molten metal: six months.
(b) For other types of chain: twelve months.
The repair and re-annealing of chains used for securing and lifting loads shall be carried out only by works possessing sufficient experience and expertise. Steel chains manufactured by special heat-treatment processes shall be sent to their original manufacturer for the necessary re-annealing.
When not in use, chains used for securing and lifting loads shall be stored as follows.
(a) Hung on a special hook, such that a worker does not suffer injury or difficulty when taking down or putting up the chain.
(b) Kept in conditions that, as far as possible, prevent them from rusting.
Chains used for securing and lifting loads shall not be placed in locations where they would be worn or damaged by transport trolleys running over them.
Where chains have been exposed to very low temperatures for several consecutive hours, they shall be warmed before being used again.
Wire ropes.
Wire ropes used for raising, lowering, or hauling a load shall:
(a) conform to the specifications determined by the standards institute or by another competent authority approved by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs;
(b) be entirely free of defects, and their type of construction and diameter shall be suitable for the work they perform.
The safety factor of wire ropes shall not be less than 6.
The tensile strength of connecting rings and end-fittings retaining wire-rope terminations shall:
(a) be at least equal to the maximum permitted load multiplied by the wire rope's safety factor;
(b) be at least equal to 95% of the guaranteed breaking strength of the wire rope.
The eyes of wire ropes, grabs, connecting rings, and other wire-rope fittings shall be fitted with special, suitable protection to prevent damage to the surface of these components.
(a) Wire ropes shall be tested upon installation and, during use, shall be regularly inspected in accordance with Article 16 of Chapter Two of this Regulation.
(b) Wire ropes that have become frayed, kinked, or rusted shall, depending on the type of rope, be replaced in the following cases:
- six-strand, seven-wire ropes: where their strength has decreased by 12% over a length of 50 centimetres; - six-strand, 19-wire ropes: where their strength has decreased by 20% over a length of 50 centimetres; - six-strand, 37-wire ropes: where their strength has decreased by 25% over a length of 50 centimetres; - six-strand, 61-wire ropes: where their strength has decreased by 25% over a length of 50 centimetres; - special-type ropes, as follows: (i) ropes [type not specified in the source text]: where their strength has decreased by 12% over a length of 50 centimetres; (ii) triangular-strand ropes: where their strength has decreased by 15% over a length of one metre; (iii) Nuflex-type ropes: where their strength has decreased by 20% over a length of one metre.
The dimensions, specifications, material, and maximum safe lifting load of wire ropes shall be marked on a special metal plate and displayed in full view.
Wire ropes used for raising, lowering, or hauling a load shall be free of knots and kinks.
To prevent excessive kinking and loss of the original lay of new wire ropes, the following points shall be observed.
(a) Where the rope is supplied coiled, to uncoil it the coil shall be rolled out on a clean, sand-free horizontal surface and straightened before being mounted on the grooved sheave.
(b) Where the rope is supplied on a reel, to unwind it the reel shall either be rolled along the ground, or mounted horizontally on a shaft, or the reel shall be set vertically on a turntable, and the wire rope then unwound gently.
To prevent the strands at the end of a wire rope from unravelling, both of its ends shall be securely seized.
Before a wire rope is cut, both sides of the point of the cut shall be bound with tape (seized).
Wire-rope terminations shall be examined and inspected at regular intervals, and, where any of the various clips or clamps securing the ropes have become loose, they shall be re-tightened.
Should the slightest sign of danger be observed at a wire-rope termination, approximately one to three metres shall be cut off at that point and the rope termination re-secured.
Where the two ends of a wire rope are joined in the form of an eye or a splice, the looped end of the rope shall be wound at least three turns around the main rope; the wound end shall then be opened at the middle and, on the left and right, each half of the looped rope end wound a further two turns around the main rope.
To preserve flexibility and prevent rusting, wire ropes shall be lubricated regularly, at fixed intervals, with an oil free of acidic and alkaline substances.
Wire ropes shall be kept in a cool, dry place and shall not be exposed to high heat or acid fumes.
Fibre ropes.
Ropes made of fibre and used for raising, lowering, or hauling a load shall be of good-quality, suitable fibre, with a minimum strength of 800 kilograms per square centimetre; the safety factor for this type of rope shall not be less than 10.
All fibre ropes shall have a special metal tag bearing the following particulars, and this tag shall be displayed in full view.
(a) The name of the manufacturer.
(b) The date on which the rope was put into service.
(c) The maximum permitted load.
Fibre ropes used for lifting a load shall be tested and examined before use, likewise during service at suitable intervals not exceeding three months, and also whenever damage occurs, such as wear, breakage, cutting, a change in length or cross-section, unravelling of the rope's strands, discoloration, or any other defect.
Whenever a fibre rope is to be cut to a given length, both sides of the point of the cut shall be seized before cutting.
The splice at which two lengths of fibre rope are joined together shall be covered with a whipping (serving).
Fibre ropes used for lifting a load shall not be dragged over rough or uneven surfaces, or over places containing sand or similar material.
Where fibre ropes have become completely wet:
(a) they shall be hung loosely, in a coil, in a dry place free of excessive heat, to dry;
(b) they shall be kept in a place where they will not freeze.
Fibre ropes shall not be used or stored in locations where they may come into contact with acids, acid fumes, or other destructive chemical substances.
When not in use, fibre ropes shall be coiled and hung loosely on a wooden peg, or placed on slatted wooden platforms raised at least 15 centimetres above the ground. The place where fibre ropes are stored shall be well ventilated, and they shall be stored away from steam boilers, steam pipes, or other sources of heat, moisture, or water vapour.
Fibre ropes that have been used for lifting a load shall be cleaned and dried before being stored.
Grooved sheaves.
The grooves of sheaves on which a chain runs shall be shaped so that the chain links seat properly in the grooves.
The grooves of wire-rope sheaves shall:
(a) have a chamfered edge and a smooth surface, such that no damage whatsoever is caused to the wire rope;
(b) be of a size such that the rope runs over them easily, without striking other parts or becoming abraded.
The lower blocks of lifting equipment shall have a suitable guard fitted with a ring-shaped handle, so as to prevent any shifting of the block or any hazard to a worker's hand.
Hooks.
The hooks of hoisting equipment shall:
(a) be made of iron or malleable steel, or be built up from a set of steel plates;
(b) be fitted with a safety catch or other protective device, or be so shaped, depending on the type of work, as to prevent accidental disengagement of the load;
(c) for heavy-duty equipment, be fitted with ball or roller bearings.
The maximum load that may be lifted by means of the hook shall be legibly marked on it.
Where the nature of the work so requires, the hook of the hoisting equipment shall be fitted with a handle by which it can be repositioned and set in a suitable position.
The part of a hook that comes into contact with the chain or wire rope shall be rounded.
Load-slinging equipment.
For the purposes of Articles 217 to 227 of this Regulation, "load-slinging equipment" means the equipment by which a load is secured for the purpose of lifting or moving it; this equipment shall, as regards its construction, maintenance, and use, comply with the provisions of Articles 165 to 208 of this Regulation, relating to chains, fibre ropes, and wire rope.
Load-slinging equipment shall be made of chains, wire ropes, or fibre ropes of sufficient strength for the load in question.
The maximum permitted load of each type of load-slinging equipment referred to in Article 217 of this Regulation shall be fully specified by means of a special metal tag or other available means.
Load-slinging equipment shall be inspected as follows.
(a) Before each use, by the worker concerned or by workers designated for this purpose.
(b) Once a week, by another competent person appointed by the technical department of the industrial workplace.
(c) Whenever damage occurs, and likewise at fixed intervals not exceeding 3 months, by a competent person.
All equipment used for slinging a load, with the exception of endless slings, shall be fitted with rings, hooks, grabs, or other connecting devices, such that it can be reliably hung from the lifting hook.
Where load-slinging equipment is positioned near sharp edges of the load such that it risks being damaged, a suitable pad shall be placed between the sharp edge of the load and the equipment.
For lifting a load, slinging equipment whose legs are of equal length and connected to the lifting hook is generally used; however, where the condition of the load is such that, owing to imbalance, it cannot be lifted reliably and safely in this manner, the legs of the slinging equipment shall be adjusted unequally to achieve balance.
Where a load must be lifted using two or more legs of slinging equipment, the upper ends of that equipment shall be attached to a suitable ring, and this ring shall then be hung from the lifting hook.
The included angle at the apex between the legs of the load-slinging equipment shall not exceed 60 degrees.
Where the length of the load exceeds 3.6 metres and it consists of several pieces, or where there is a risk of the slinging equipment slipping, this equipment shall be fitted with a special spreader bar or frame.
Should signs of breakage, severe corrosion, or other damage become apparent in load-slinging equipment, it shall immediately be withdrawn from service so that it is not used.
When not in use, load-slinging equipment shall be hung and kept in a special location that is easily accessible.
This Regulation, comprising eleven chapters and 227 articles, was given final approval, pursuant to Article 47 of the Labour Law, at the 255th session of the Supreme Council for Technical Protection, dated 23/8/45 (1966), and is enforceable throughout the country following its publication in the Official Gazette.