Order of the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Russian Federation No. 644n of 23 September 2020
Unofficial translation. Only the Russian original published in the official sources of the Russian Federation has legal force. This translation is provided for reference and does not replace the official document.
1. The Labour Protection Rules for Logging and Woodworking Production and for Forestry Work (hereinafter - the Rules) establish State regulatory labour protection requirements for the performance of logging work, forestry work and timber processing work.
2. The requirements of the Rules shall be mandatory for compliance by employers - legal entities regardless of their organisational and legal forms and natural persons - when they organise and carry out activities related to the performance of logging work, forestry work and timber processing work (hereinafter - the employer).
3. On the basis of the Rules and the requirements of the technical (operational) documentation of the organisation manufacturing the machinery and equipment used in logging and woodworking production and in forestry work (hereinafter - the manufacturing organisation), the employer shall organise the development of labour protection instructions for occupations and (or) types of work performed, which are approved by a local regulatory act of the employer taking into account the opinion of the relevant trade union body or another representative body authorised by the workers performing logging work, forestry work and timber processing work (hereinafter - the workers) (if any).
4. Where machinery, equipment or process tooling are used and work is performed for which the requirements for safe use and performance are not regulated by the Rules, the requirements of the technical (operational) documentation of the manufacturing organisation shall be followed.
5. The employer ensures: 1) the performance of logging work, forestry work and timber processing work (hereinafter - the work) in accordance with the requirements of the Rules and the technical (operational) documentation of the manufacturing organisation (the employer shall ensure the availability of technical (operational) documentation for the machinery and equipment used in the production processes); 2) monitoring of workers' compliance with the requirements of the labour protection instructions.
6. When production processes are carried out, workers may be exposed to harmful and (or) hazardous production factors, including: 1) moving machines and mechanisms, moving parts of production equipment (hereinafter - the equipment), tools, including chain saws, materials being moved, blanks and products; 2) increased dust and gas contamination of the air of the working area; 3) increased or reduced temperature of the surfaces of machinery, equipment and materials; 4) increased or reduced temperature of the air of the working area; 5) increased temperature of water and steam; 6) increased noise level at the workplace; 7) increased vibration level; 8) increased or reduced air humidity; 9) increased air mobility; 10) insufficient illumination of the working area; 11) sharp edges, burrs and roughness on the surfaces of equipment, blanks and tools; 12) physical and neuropsychological overloads; 13) increased voltage in an electrical circuit which may close through the human body; 14) increased level of static electricity; 15) toxic and irritant chemical substances penetrating the worker's body through the respiratory organs, the gastrointestinal tract, the skin and the mucous membranes.
7. When organising the performance of work involving the exposure of workers to harmful and (or) hazardous production factors, the employer shall take measures to eliminate them or reduce them to a permissible level of exposure.
8. Workers performing work to which additional (increased) labour protection requirements apply shall undergo a repeat labour protection briefing at least once every three months, and shall also undergo a check of knowledge of labour protection requirements at least once every twelve months. Lists of workers' occupations and types of work to the performance of which additional (increased) labour protection requirements apply are approved by a local regulatory act of the employer and may be supplemented or amended depending on the conditions of the production processes carried out.
9. The employer, depending on the specific nature of its activities and on the basis of the assessment of the level of occupational risk, may: 1) establish additional safety requirements that do not contradict the Rules. Labour protection requirements shall be contained in the relevant labour protection instructions and communicated to the worker in the form of orders, instructions and briefing; 2) for the purpose of monitoring the safe performance of work, use instruments, devices, equipment and (or) a complex (system) of instruments, devices and equipment providing remote video, audio or other recording of the work performance processes.
10. Document management in the field of labour protection may be carried out in electronic form using an electronic signature or any other method allowing the identity of the worker to be established, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
11. The labour protection of workers shall be ensured by: 1) compliance by workers with the requirements of technical regulations, organisational and technological documents, standards and rules of personal and industrial hygiene at each stage of the production processes and operations; 2) comprehensive mechanisation and automation of manual labour and remote control of production processes and operations involving the presence of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors; 3) replacement of production processes and operations involving the presence of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors with processes and operations in which such factors are absent or of lower intensity; 4) monitoring of the safe operation of process equipment in accordance with the requirements of the Rules and organisational and technological documentation; 5) the use of safe methods of storing and transporting raw and auxiliary materials, and the timely removal and neutralisation of production waste that is a source of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors; 6) the use of personal and collective protective equipment for workers.
12. High-hazard work shall be performed under a permit to work for the performance of high-hazard work (hereinafter - the permit to work), drawn up by officials authorised by the employer (a recommended template is provided in the Appendix to the Rules). The content, place, time and conditions of the performance of high-hazard work, the necessary safety measures, the composition of the work team and the workers responsible for the organisation and safe performance of the work are determined by the permit to work. The procedure for performing high-hazard work and drawing up the permit to work, and the duties of the officials authorised by the employer who are responsible for the organisation and safe performance of the work, are established by a local regulatory act of the employer.
13. High-hazard work performed with the drawing up of a permit to work includes: 1) tree felling work in particularly hazardous conditions; 2) the dismantling of leaning and hazardous (incorrectly stacked) stacks of round timber; 3) work performed: in the protection zones of overhead power lines, underground gas pipelines, oil pipelines and underground utilities; in areas with pathogenic contamination of the soil; in buildings or structures in an emergency condition; 4) temporary hot work involving emergency recovery repair of machinery, equipment and utilities, and work in explosion-hazardous and fire-hazardous premises; 5) work in thermal power and electrical shops, repair work on electrical installations in outdoor switchgear and in networks, work on the repair of heat-using installations, heat networks and heat equipment in operation; 6) the digging of pits and trenches more than 1.5 m deep and the performance of work in them; 7) electric welding and gas welding work outside and inside vessels that have contained combustible substances, work in the fireboxes and flues of boilers, and work inside hot furnaces; 8) work on draining flammable liquids, acids and alkalis from railway tank cars in the absence of specially equipped draining racks with mechanised draining means; 9) the transporting and destruction of highly potent toxic substances.
14. The list of work performed under permits to work is approved by the employer and may be supplemented by the employer.
15. Drawn-up and issued permits to work are recorded in a log, in which it is recommended to record the following information: 1) the name of the subdivision; 2) the number of the permit to work; 3) the date of issue; 4) a brief description of the work under the permit to work; 5) the period for which the permit to work is issued; 6) the surname and initials of the worker who issued the permit to work and of the worker who received the permit to work, certified by their signatures with the date indicated; 7) the surname and initials of the worker who received the permit to work closed upon completion of the work, certified by his signature with the date indicated.
16. Work of the same type involving high hazard, carried out on a permanent basis and performed under similar conditions by a permanent team of workers, may be performed without drawing up a permit to work, in accordance with the labour protection instructions approved for each type of high-hazard work.
17. Before the commencement of the main cutting-area work, preliminary preparation of the cutting areas shall be carried out, including the bringing of hazardous trees to the ground, the marking out of main and branch skidding trails and, in mountain cutting areas, additionally the preparation of cable installations and of main and branch skidding trails.
18. It shall be prohibited: 1) to leave hazardous trees standing or in a lodged position; 2) to use, when bringing hazardous trees to the ground, any felling devices other than a felling fork.
19. Cutting areas may be developed without preliminary preparation in the following cases: 1) in the case of machine felling of trees; 2) where the number of hazardous trees reaches 20 per cent or more of their total number in the cutting area (such cutting areas are developed in accordance with the rules for windfall and windbreak cutting areas).
20. Before the commencement of tree felling, the workplace shall be prepared: 1) shrubs obstructing felling shall be cut around the tree within a radius of at least 0.7 m; 2) at a distance of at least 3 m at an angle of 60° in the direction opposite to the fall of the tree, an escape route shall be prepared, and in winter the snow shall be cleared or trodden down.
21. When felling trees, the following requirements shall be complied with: 1) use serviceable felling devices (a felling fork, a felling spade, a wedge); 2) work in pairs (a feller together with a logger) when developing windfall and windbreak cutting areas and burnt-out areas, during gradual, selective, conditionally continuous and sanitary felling, on slopes of more than 20° and when preparing cutting areas for felling; 3) make the undercut on the side towards which the tree is intended to be felled; 4) undercut upright trees to a depth of 1/4 - 1/3 of the diameter at the cutting point, trees leaning in the direction of felling - to a depth of 1/3 of the diameter, and trees with an inclination angle of not more than 5° in the opposite direction - to a depth of 1/5 - 1/4 of the diameter; 5) make the lower plane of the undercut perpendicular to the axis of the tree; the upper cut of the undercut shall form an angle of 35 - 45° with the lower plane or be parallel to the lower plane of the undercut and be at a distance of 1/8 of the tree diameter at the cutting point from it; 6) cut the tree perpendicular to its axis within the upper cut and at least 2 cm above the lower plane of the undercut; 7) leave a hinge of 2 cm for healthy trees with a diameter of up to 40 cm, 3 cm for those from 40 to 60 cm, and 4 cm for those from 61 cm and above. For trees with butt rot, the hinge shall be increased by 2 cm; 8) for trees with a lateral inclination of the trunk or crown relative to the direction of felling, the hinge shall have the shape of a wedge with its apex facing towards the direction of inclination; 9) fell trees with an inclination of more than 5° towards their inclination, except in cases of felling trees on cutting areas with a gradient of more than 15°, when the trees are felled down the slope at an angle of 30 - 45° to the skidding trail.
22. Burls and growths on the undercut side shall be sawn off; the depth of the undercut is measured without taking them into account.
23. When felling trees with a diameter of more than 1 m, the undercut shall be made with two parallel cuts. Niches are cut out for the saw gearbox housing. To avoid splits, bands shall be used. The methods of felling large-dimension trees as applied to specific conditions shall be specified in the process chart.
24. At the start of the development of cutting areas, the cutting of clearings, the routes of logging roads and spurs, and skidding trails, tree felling shall be carried out into the gaps between adjacent trees (the distance between the crowns of the trees growing in front of the tree being cut). During selective, gradual and selective sanitary felling and forest tending felling, felling shall be carried out into the gaps between trees. To ensure the safety of workers engaged in cutting-area work, trees obstructing the felling of marked trees and the skidding of marked trees (stems) shall be cut down.
25. Trees in clusters of shoots or fused at the stump shall be felled towards their natural inclination.
26. Lodged trees shall be taken down using a tractor or a winch from a distance of at least 35 m. To take down a lodged tree, a cable or rope is fastened to the butt part of the tree and, depending on the specific conditions, it is pulled off at an angle or along the axis of the lodged tree. Lodged trees may also be taken down: with levers (handspikes) - by moving the butt of the tree away from oneself; with a windlass - by fastening one end of a cable (rope) to the butt of the lodged tree and winding the other end, by means of a lever, onto the trunk of a growing tree from a distance of at least 5 m from the end of the lodged tree; with a cant hook - by rotating the lodged tree around its axis.
27. When felling trees, it shall be prohibited: 1) to undercut a tree on two sides or around its circumference; 2) to fell trees without a hinge; 3) to fell trees onto the wall of the forest; 4) to fell trees during the hours of darkness; 5) to fell trees on rocky and avalanche-hazardous slopes; 6) to leave trees that are partially cut, chopped or lodged during felling; 7) to cut down a tree on which a lodged tree rests, or to chop off the branches on which it rests; 8) to saw off billets from the butt of a lodged tree; 9) to knock down an undercut or lodged tree by felling another tree onto it; 10) to chop the roots, butt or stump of a lodged tree; 11) to take down a lodged tree with a tractor while simultaneously collecting a bundle of trees or stems; 12) to take down a lodged tree with the grapple or manipulator of a skidding tractor.
28. When developing windfall and windbreak cutting areas and burnt-out areas, and also during continuous sanitary felling, the following requirements shall be complied with: 1) fell trees in the main direction of the windfall, taking into account the terrain relief, the debris littering of the cutting area and the method and means of skidding; 2) before the commencement of tree felling, remove lodged branches and tops; 3) do not permit the felling of an unseparated break whose top is on the ground without first checking the strength of the connection of the break with the butt part of the tree; 4) fell leaning trees with a damaged root system towards their inclination; 5) dismantle blockages of windfall trees using tractors or winches from a distance of at least 35 m; 6) fell, together with the break, a tree with an unseparated break at a height of more than 1 m from the ground, if its broken top part is firmly connected to the butt part. In this case, before felling such a tree, the cable of the tractor (winch) shall be fastened to its butt part, an undercut shall be made without going under the broken or lodged part of the tree, and a back cut shall be made leaving a hinge 2 cm larger than normal. Such trees shall be brought to the ground using a tractor (winch); 7) before taking down lodged trees, determine in each specific case the nature of their lodging and the method of bringing them to the ground (felling); if a lodged tree has completely broken off from the butt part and rests on the ground, it is taken down using a tractor (winch); if a lodged tree has a break that has not separated from the butt part, the tree is undercut from the side and back-cut leaving a hinge 4 - 6 cm wide, after which the tree is felled by a tractor (winch) towards the undercut. If there are several lodged trees, each of them is taken down separately.
29. For uprooted trees lying on the ground, the trunk is sawn off from the root system after the root ball has been secured with a special stop. The first cut is made from above to a depth of at least 1/2 of the diameter, and the second - from below at a distance of 2 - 3 cm from the plane of the first cut (closer to the butt). After the root ball has been separated from the trunk, it is returned to its original position (stump upwards) using a tractor (winch). The trunk with an unseparated break at a height of up to 1 m is sawn off in the same way as described above. In this case, supports are placed under the trunk of the tree.
30. Tree felling during the preparation of cutting areas and during non-continuous felling shall be carried out in compliance with the requirements set out in this subsection.
31. The duration of continuous work by a tree feller with a petrol-powered chainsaw shall be not more than 40 - 50 minutes. The total duration of work by a tree feller with a petrol-powered chainsaw shall not exceed 260 minutes per shift for an 8-hour working day and 240 minutes per shift for a 7-hour working day.
32. The felling of trees with petrol-powered chainsaws with low-set handles may be carried out by a single feller. The feller shall be provided with two felling spades with a short and a long handle, a wedge, a grab hook, and also personal protective equipment (hereinafter - PPE) against cuts from the saw chain.
33. The parameters of the undercut and the cutting, and the procedure for work on tree felling using petrol-powered chainsaws with low-set handles, have the following differences from the requirements for work with petrol-powered chainsaws with high-set handles: 1) the angle of the undercut between its lower plane and the upper cut shall be 50 - 70°; 2) an angular shape of the hinge shall not be permitted. When forming the hinge, the cut shall be parallel to the lower cut of the undercut; 3) the width of the hinge is increased, relative to the standardised hinge parameters achieved with petrol-powered chainsaws with high-set handles, by 1 cm where there is a lateral action of forces relative to the direction of felling of the tree (eccentricity of the crown, snow load, wind action), and shall be 3 cm for healthy trees with a diameter of up to 40 cm, 4 cm for those from 40 to 60 cm and 5 cm for those from 61 cm and above; for trees with butt rot, the hinge is increased by 2 cm; 4) when forming the hinge, the saw is introduced into the tree not from the side opposite the undercut, but into the tree by the "ram" method. In doing so, the running (lower) branch of the saw chain is pressed smoothly against the tree. The shape and dimensions of the hinge are checked from the opposite side of the tree, and the cutting (back cut) is carried out from the hinge side, leaving at the side a part of the tree, uncut in the shape of a segment, which does not allow the tree to fall spontaneously when the felling spade is inserted; 5) to insert the spade in the middle of the cutting plane, a cut shall be made in such a way as to form, in the cutting plane, a segment-shaped area with a depth of 1.5 - 2 cm.
34. Trees with a diameter of up to 16 cm may be felled using a hook, and trees with a diameter of from 16 to 40 cm - using a felling spade. When felling trees with a diameter of more than 40 cm, a wedge shall be used.
35. Machine felling of trees may be carried out around the clock. If at least one lighting device on the felling machine is absent or faulty, it shall be prohibited to work during the hours of darkness.
36. When carrying out machine felling of trees during the hours of darkness, operators shall be provided with autonomous lighting means allowing signals to be given and safe movement around the cutting area in the event of an emergency situation.
37. It shall be prohibited to cut down trees whose diameter is greater than that established by the operating manual of the tree-felling machine.
38. The felling of trees together with the root shall be carried out by special machines. The felling of trees together with the root by felling machines shall be prohibited.
39. Machine felling of trees on slopes may be carried out on gradients not exceeding the values specified in the technical operating documentation for the felling machine of the specific type.
40. The process chart for the development of the cutting area by felling machines shall specify the procedure for the operation of the machines and their interaction with one another. Where it is necessary to additionally use a petrol-powered tool during machine felling, the areas and sequence of work of the feller and the felling machines, and the scheme of movement of workers, including the route to the place for taking meals, shall be determined.
41. Paths and roads crossing a cutting area on which machine felling of trees is carried out during the hours of darkness shall be marked with prohibitory signs and notice boards on a reflective backing.
42. Skidding by tractors or chokerless machines after felling with a petrol-powered tool shall be carried out along a prepared skidding trail. When preparing a skidding trail, trees, large stones and deadfall wood are removed, shrubs and undergrowth are cut down, stumps and hummocks are cut level with the ground, pits are filled in, boggy areas are covered over, and trails on hillsides are constructed and levelled. The width of a prepared skidding trail shall be at least 5 m. The width of trails laid along a hillside shall be at least 7 m. The turning radius of a main skidding trail shall be at least 30 m, and of a branch trail - at least 10 m.
43. Skidding by feller-skidder machines and chokerless machines may be carried out after machine felling of trees along an unprepared skidding trail. In this case, the track of the felling machine is conventionally deemed to be the skidding trail. When moving with a bundle of trees (stems), sharp turns shall be avoided and high stumps, boulders, pits and other obstacles shall be driven around.
44. Skidding by tracked and wheeled tractors and chokerless machines along slopes may be carried out within the uphill and downhill values specified in their operating manual. Trails laid across a mountain slope shall be horizontal in cross section. In mountain conditions, the tractor or chokerless machine shall be located outside the hazard zone of the rolling of trees (stems).
45. When skidding by tractors, the following requirements shall be complied with: 1) attach chokers to trees (stems) at a distance of 0.5 - 0.7 m from the butt cut or at a distance of 0.9 - 1.2 m from the end of the top; 2) position the tractor for collecting a bundle of trees (stems) on the trail so that its longitudinal axis coincides with the direction of movement of the bundle, with a deviation of not more than 15°.
46. When skidding by tractors, it shall be prohibited: 1) for a worker to be at a distance of less than 5 m from the bundle of trees (stems) being formed and from the tractor moving with it; 2) to release trees (stems) jammed between stumps while moving and while the traction cable of the tractor is taut; 3) to step over a moving cable, adjust the coupling of trees (stems), unhook or hook up trees (stems) while the cable or the tractor is moving, or to unhook a snagged choker; 4) to get onto the tractor, get off it or lean out of the cab while it is moving; 5) to unhook trees (stems) before the bundle has been dropped onto the ground and the load cable of the tractor winch has been slackened; 6) to be on the downhill side during the attachment of chokers; 7) to carry out repair, lubrication and cleaning of the assemblies and mechanisms of the tractor while the engine is running; 8) to move the tractor off without giving an audible signal; 9) to engage the winch and start moving without a signal from the choker setter and without making sure that the choker setter is in a safe place; 10) to change gears while the tractor is moving downhill; 11) to hitch the tractor to dead-standing or live-growing trees and stumps for self-jacking when the tracks come off.
47. It shall be prohibited to skid from a distance closer than 50 m or than twice the height of the stand where this exceeds the 50-metre value, and in mountain conditions closer than 60 m from the felling site. If the feller is at the same time the choker setter, the tractor driver shall stop the tractor at the boundary of the hazard zone, give the feller a prearranged signal and only upon receipt of the feller's permission drive into the hazard zone of felling towards the place for collecting the bundle of trees (stems).
48. When skidding by chokerless machines during the hours of darkness, at least 2 workers shall work in the cutting area.
49. The process chart for the performance of cutting-area work shall specify the procedure for the operation of the tractors and machines and their interaction with one another and with the felling machines.
50. It shall be prohibited to take down lodged trees using the grapple or manipulator of a chokerless machine.
51. When carrying out skidding during the hours of darkness, operators shall be provided with autonomous lighting means by which signals can be given and safe movement around the cutting area is possible in the event of an emergency situation.
52. The installation of cable installations shall be carried out in accordance with the process chart (design) for the development of the cutting area adjoining the route. The process chart (design) using cable installations shall contain: the layout of the route; the longitudinal profile of the cable installation; the design traction forces; the sag of the carrying cable; the loads on the supports; the support devices; a brief description of the design of the supports; the fastening of the carrying cable; the design of the upper and lower stations. For cable installations with a short (up to 350 m) skidding distance, the process chart may specify only the layout of the route and its longitudinal profile.
53. Before the installation of a cable installation, communication shall be established between the installers: audible, visual, radio or telephone. The telephone communication line shall be laid using trees outside the zone of the clearing for the route. The laying of the telephone communication line is carried out before the start of the installation of the cable installation.
54. As supports in cable skidding installations, trees or logs free from rot and cracks shall be used. The diameter of the supports (posts) at the top end is determined by calculation for each installation. The supports shall have a safety margin of at least fourfold.
55. The winch shall be installed on a horizontal site and be located at a distance of 40 lengths of the load drum from the head support, but not closer than 20 m. The winch shall be secured to stumps (anchors) with a diameter of at least 30 cm by four guys - two lateral and two rear - so that the possibility of its displacement during operation is excluded. The diameter of the guy cable shall be not less than the diameter of the traction cable.
56. Natural and artificial supports shall be secured with at least three guys. The length of each guy shall be at least one and a half times the height of the support, not counting the length required for fastening the guy to the support and to the anchor. Where the working height of the supports is more than 16 m, they are secured at a height of 2/3 of their length with an additional belt of guys.
57. The carrying cable of the skidding installation, the guys of the supports and the ground blocks shall be fastened to healthy stumps with an undisturbed root system, with a diameter of at least 25 cm and a height of from 0.3 to 0.5 m, and also to pile or embedded anchors. The stumps to which the carrying cable, guys and blocks are fastened are debarked, and notches (a groove) are made around the perimeter of the neck of the stump, in which the cable is placed. To create anchors from several stumps, the required number of them shall be tied together with steel cables with sequential or fan-shaped tensioning. In the absence of stumps, standard screw, pile or embedded anchors (anchor bolts) shall be used. A growing tree used as an anchor shall be secured with two guys.
58. When raising an artificial support, the following requirements shall be complied with: 1) select a healthy tree with a diameter of at least 24 cm at a height of 1.5 - 1.8 m from the ground, growing near the place of installation of the support, saw off the branches on it at a height of 6 - 8 m from the ground, drive in spikes at a height of 5 - 7 m from the ground and hang on them a block of the appropriate lifting capacity, through which the cable of the tractor or winch is to be passed; 2) secure the tree with two guys on the side opposite the suspended block; 3) dig a pit 0.5 m deep under the foot of the support; 4) secure the lower end of the support with a cable to prevent it from sliding during raising, and secure the cable of the tractor (winch) to the upper end of the support.
59. The carrying cable and the guys shall be fastened not higher than 0.5 m from the ground. The number of turns of the cable around the stump shall be at least three. The free end of the cable shall be secured to the main cable with at least three clamps. The diameter of the cables in each specific case shall be calculated for the force taken up by the shackle of the block, taking into account a safety factor of at least 3. Blocks and swivels are fastened to the supports and stumps with a length of cable or choker with loops at the ends. The length of cable is wound freely around the stump or the post of the support at least 4 times; each remaining end of the length is wound at least 3 times around the two upper turns. The choker is wound around the stump, anchor or post of the support at least 3 times. The shackle of the block or swivel is hung on the two lower turns of the length of cable. When a choker is used for tying the blocks, the shackle of the block is inserted into both loops.
60. On the ground, blocks near which people work shall be guarded with safety posts inclined towards them, or with safety loops, and blocks on a support - with a safety loop formed by a cable at least 5 m long, one end of which is fastened to the support of the block and the other - to the guy of the support.
61. The installation of cable-and-block equipment on artificial supports shall be carried out on the ground. When installing artificial supports on a steep slope, a horizontal site measuring at least 1 x 1 m shall be prepared near the base of the support post.
62. The raising of artificial supports shall be carried out using a prime mover, a tractor, a motor winch or a manual winch. Auxiliary structures for raising the supports shall be located at a distance of at least 1.5 times the height of the support.
63. When preparing natural supports for rigging and mounting rope-and-block equipment on them, the following requirements shall be met: 1) the tree selected as a natural support shall be cleared of branches to a height of up to 2 m above the guy-rope belt; 2) dry branches more than 1 cm thick shall be sawn off with a handsaw along the entire height of the tree. Cutting off branches with an axe shall be prohibited; 3) blocks, ropes and other equipment shall be raised from the ground by means of a cord or rope through an erection block secured to the support. When preparing natural supports, continuous observation of the worker working on the support shall be maintained from the ground, and a spare safety belt and a set of devices for climbing the support shall be kept available.
64. The rigging of natural supports shall be carried out using climbing irons for climbing the tree, spikes driven in a staggered pattern at a distance of 35 - 45 cm from one another, or other devices ensuring safe climbing and securing of the worker at height.
65. The carrying rope of two-rope installations shall be unwound (drawn off) from the reel by means of the haulage rope or the erection rope at a speed of no more than 1 m/s.
66. After the carrying rope has been raised onto the supports, supporting rollers shall be installed at the points of greatest sag so as to prevent the haulage rope from touching the ground.
67. At the points where the cable installation crosses vehicle roads and other roads, warning signs shall be installed, and over the vehicle road a barrier in the form of a canopy shall be erected to protect against the accidental falling of timber onto the road.
68. The carrying rope and the drive unit of cable installations shall be provided with a lightning conductor.
69. The points for unloading timber skidded by the cable installation are cleared for the next receipt of timber during the movement of the carriage towards the load. The following shall be prohibited: performing work near the timber unloading point when the loaded carriage approaches the unloading point; the presence of people and the performance of work beneath the cable installation within the width of the cutting line, with the exception of workers servicing the equipment.
70. On cutting areas with a gradient exceeding 30°, or on sections inaccessible to ground vehicles, timber shall be skidded by helicopters.
71. Skidding shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the technical documentation for each type of helicopter, the process instructions and the safety requirements specified in the process flow chart.
72. The development of cutting areas and skidding shall be carried out during daylight hours.
73. A ground work team working with helicopters shall be provided with at least two portable VHF radio sets and signal flags. In the absence of radio communication between the helicopter crew and the ground work team, skidding shall be prohibited.
74. Before skidding begins, the cutting area shall be blown over with the helicopter rotor, the cutting areas shall be inspected from the helicopter and from the ground, and if hung-up tops and branches are found on the trees, the blowing shall be repeated.
75. Choker setting shall begin from the upper boundary of the cutting area, gradually moving down the slope, using the period when the helicopter is not hovering over that cutting area.
76. Choker setting shall be carried out at the centre of mass of the tree-length log (assortment), offset towards the butt end but no less than 2 m from the end face, so that the load hangs on the external suspension at an incline of 30 - 60° with the butt end upwards. The diameter of the tree-length log (assortment) at the choker-setting point shall be no less than 10 cm.
77. The choker setting of trees and branches that are small, uprooted or broken during felling, and which may break off when lifted and skidded by helicopter, shall be prohibited.
78. Before the next load is attached to the lock of the helicopter external suspension, escape routes shall be prepared over a distance of at least 15 m towards the rising side of the slope.
79. Skidding along timber chutes shall be carried out in accordance with the conditions and procedure specified in the process flow chart. Lowering tree-length logs and logs during the hours of darkness shall be prohibited.
80. The width of the danger zone fenced off along the timber chute shall be: 60 m (30 m on each side) at a gradient of up to 15°; 120 m (60 m on each side) at a gradient of 15° and more.
81. Positions for signalmen shall be equipped along the timber chute. Visual, audible or radio communication ensuring visibility and control of the entire timber chute shall be established between the signalmen. In the event of a communication failure, the lowering of timber shall be stopped.
82. Logs shall be lowered only upon receipt from the lower platform of a signal that the previous log has arrived and that it is ready to receive the next one.
83. Skidding along the timber chute from slopes with rocks or layers of snow overhanging within the danger zone shall be carried out only after the possibility of their collapse has been eliminated.
84. Where the timber chute is located next to a carriageway or crosses it, traffic along the road shall be stopped for the duration of the timber chute's operation.
85. For the passage of workers to the workplace on the upper platform of the timber chute and back, a path shall be prepared outside the danger zone of the timber chute's operation. Walking along the timber chute and in the danger zone adjoining it shall be prohibited.
86. When rolling out logs on the upper platform of the timber chute, the logs closest to the timber chute shall be secured.
87. The lowering of timber shall begin from the top of the felled strip (cutting strip). It shall be prohibited to lower down the timber chute: logs with branches not cut off flush with their surface; more than one log at a time; and also to leave tree-length logs and logs on the timber chutes after work has finished.
88. In winter, before the lowering of tree-length logs and logs begins, the troughs of the timber chute shall be cleared of snow and ice. It shall be prohibited to let water into the trough, and also to use sand, gravel and other loose materials as braking means.
89. In the event of a jam forming in the trough, the lowering of tree-length logs and logs shall be stopped and the jam cleared. Before the clearing of the jam begins, the tree-length logs and logs on the timber chute shall be secured with ropes.
90. The thickness of the logs for the sides of a wooden timber chute (trough) shall be no less than 30 - 40 cm. The load-bearing and guiding (side) logs of the trough shall be fitted and firmly fastened together. The joints of the logs shall not have any projections or irregularities directed against the direction of movement.
91. A locking device shall be installed on the upper platform of the timber chute to preclude the possibility of logs accidentally entering the trough during non-working time or during repair of the trough.
92. Before the lowering of tree-length logs over the ground, a workplace and a path for the worker to retreat at the moment the tree-length logs shift shall be prepared. When lowering tree-length logs over the ground, pike poles, handspikes and other hand tools may be used. The presence of workers on the downhill side shall be prohibited.
93. Before dismantling a pile-up of tree-length logs and logs on the lower platform, the foreman shall determine the point at which dismantling is to begin, so as to prevent the danger of the tree-length logs and logs rolling apart. The pile-up of tree-length logs and logs on the lower platform shall be dismantled by mechanised means, hand winches or horse traction. To pull the tree-length logs or logs out of the pile-up, ropes at least 20 m long shall be used. Rolling apart tree-length logs and logs with handspikes and cant hooks shall be prohibited.
94. On sections of a skidding trail with a transverse slope, guard logs shall be laid on the downhill side, and on bends - on the outer side of the curve. Skidding trails running next to a ravine, precipices or pits shall be fenced with posts at least 0.8 m high above the ground surface, spaced no more than 2.5 m apart. On sections where riverbanks and precipices are not reinforced, the trail shall be set aside from the waterline of the bank or the precipice by no less than 2 m.
95. For access to the cutting area in mountainous terrain, a separate empty-run trail shall be laid out to one side of the skidding trail.
96. The places for delimbing (additional delimbing) branches are determined by the process flow chart, taking into account their location relative to the felling site: at a distance from the felling site of no less than 50 m or no less than double the height of the tree stand where the 50-metre value is exceeded, and in mountainous conditions - no less than 60 m.
97. Workers engaged in delimbing (additional delimbing) branches shall be provided with special footwear - boots with protective toe caps.
98. Axes for delimbing (additional delimbing) branches shall be in good working order, sharply ground and suited to the work being carried out.
99. Delimbing (additional delimbing) of branches shall be carried out in the direction from the butt end to the top, with the worker positioned on the side of the tree opposite to the branches being cut off.
100. The distance between workers carrying out the delimbing (additional delimbing) of tree branches shall be no less than 5 m. The delimbing (additional delimbing) of branches from a single tree shall be carried out by one worker. It shall be prohibited for several workers to carry out the delimbing (additional delimbing) of branches from a single tree at the same time.
101. Branches under tension shall be cut off after the part of the trunk has been cleared of the branches adjacent to them. In doing so, any impact on the worker from the branches being released from tension shall be precluded.
102. It shall be prohibited to cut off branches: 1) while standing or sitting on a felled tree; 2) from a tree lying unstably without taking measures to secure it; 3) during the movement of trees; 4) on trees grouped into bundles or stacks.
103. Before delimbing (additional delimbing) branches from trees lying along a slope with a steepness of 20° and more and across a slope with a steepness of 15° and more, measures shall be taken to secure the trees, and the delimbing (additional delimbing) shall be carried out while standing on the uphill side.
104. At places of concentrated delimbing (additional delimbing), branches shall be removed as they accumulate to avoid cluttering the workplaces.
105. When cutting off branches from the upper and side parts of the trunk, the worker's feet, to take up a stable and safe position, shall be placed at a distance of no less than 30 - 40 cm from one another and 10 - 12 cm from the tree. It shall be prohibited to change the position of the feet before the working cycle ends if the saw bar is not on the opposite side of the trunk and the saw body is not resting against the trunk.
106. The lower branches on which the tree rests are cut off while taking measures that preclude movement of the trunk and its settling onto the worker's feet. In doing so, the worker's feet shall be no less than 30 - 40 cm away from the trunk.
107. The sawing-off of branches on the worker's side shall be carried out with the upper run of the chain, with a movement of the saw "away from oneself".
108. Branches under tension shall be cut off in two stages: first undercut the fibres under tension, and then cut off flush with the surface of the tree trunk.
109. To avoid jamming the sawing unit, long branches shall be sawn off at a distance of 1 - 1.5 m from their base, and then - flush with the surface of the tree trunk.
110. When moving from one tree to another, the engine of a petrol chainsaw not fitted with a braking device shall be switched off. When using saws with a brake, the transition is carried out with the braking device engaged, which prevents rotation of the saw chain.
111. It shall be prohibited: 1) to delimb trees using a petrol chainsaw at night; 2) to cut with the end element of the sawing unit of the petrol chainsaw, so as to avoid the saw being thrown back onto the worker; 3) to work with a blunted saw chain; 4) to carry out repair and refuelling of the petrol chainsaw while the saw engine is running; 5) to use body weight to increase the pressure on the saw.
112. The places for the machine delimbing of trees, the requirements for the sites and other conditions for the normal and safe operation of delimbing machines shall be established in the process flow chart.
113. A distance of 10 m around the perimeter from stacks or individual trees and tree-length logs, and 90 m from the tree-length logs or trees being processed by a delimbing machine outside a stack, is the danger zone. The danger zone, on the side of probable movement of people, shall be marked with safety signs.
114. While a delimbing machine performing the delimbing of tree branches is moving over the cutting area, the machine operator shall be prohibited: 1) from putting his head out of the machine cab; 2) from opening the doors of the machine cab; 3) from working with the guards of the machine's danger zones removed; 4) from travelling along the trail at a speed exceeding the set limit; 5) from making sharp turns and abrupt braking.
115. The removal of cut branches away from the machine shall be mechanised. In doing so, the branches shall be laid no closer than 25 m from the forest wall, seed clumps and individual trees.
116. During the mechanised clearing of cutting areas, logging residues more than 8 cm in diameter shall be bucked into sections no more than 3 m long.
117. It shall be prohibited for workers to be closer than 5 m to one another during the manual clearing of the cutting area.
118. The delimbing of branches by piece-by-piece delimbing units and hopper delimbing units shall be carried out in accordance with the process flow chart.
119. In the danger zones for feeding trees to the delimbing units and for pulling trees through the cutting members of the units, prohibition signs with explanatory inscriptions shall be installed.
120. The removal of branches away from the delimbing units shall be mechanised.
121. When the supply of electric power is interrupted, the control system of the delimbing units shall switch off.
122. Tree-length logs shall be bucked and long timber cut up with a power tool on bucking ramps or on the ground with the placing of underlay tree-length logs, beams and logs, and with the prior piece-by-piece separation of the tree-length logs and long timber. The bucking of tree-length logs and long timber on stacks, in bundles and on the roll-out routes of stacks shall be prohibited.
123. The superstructure of bucking ramps shall have a gradient towards the sorting device of no more than 2°, and in the perpendicular direction from the middle to the edges - no more than 0.5°. The guides (underlay tree-length logs, beams, logs) in the bucking area shall project above the decking of the ramp or above the ground to a height of no more than 15 - 20 cm. When tree-length logs are fed for bucking on semi-automatic and other units, the ramp shall be horizontal.
124. The rope stretched above the ramp to secure the cable feeding the power tool shall be located at a distance of 4 m from the axis of the sorting log conveyor. The cable shall not hang lower than 2 m.
125. When separating and moving tree-length logs (trees) along a bucking ramp, the following requirements shall be met: 1) switch on the log-spreading device and the winch after receiving a signal, having made sure that there are no people in the zone where the tree-length logs (trees) are moving; 2) separate curved, double-topped, one-sided and knotty tree-length logs by gradual pulling, not allowing them to roll over.
126. During the manual separation of bundles of tree-length logs (logs), workers shall be provided with auxiliary tools (handspikes, lever bars, pike poles, cant hooks).
127. The simultaneous performance of the bucking of tree-length logs with a power tool and the stacking of timber with truck cranes tied to one bucking area or one log conveyor shall not be permitted.
128. When bucking tree-length logs and cutting up long timber with a power tool, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) move from cut to cut with a petrol chainsaw while the engine is running at low speed, when the saw chain is not rotating, and with an electric saw - with the electric motor switched off; 2) switch off the motor of the electric saw when the supply of electric current is interrupted; 3) refuel the petrol chainsaw only when the saw engine is not running; 4) release a saw bar pinched in the cut only after the engine of the power tool has stopped; 5) carry out repair, replacement of the saw chain or its tensioning when the engine of the petrol chainsaw is not running and the motor of the electric saw is disconnected from the cable.
129. When bucking tree-length logs and cutting up long timber with bucking units and circular saws for cross-cutting (balancer and pendulum types), the following requirements shall be observed: 1) work with a trued-up saw blade free of cracks, with well-sharpened and correctly set teeth; 2) before starting the saw, make sure that there are no unauthorised persons near the mechanisms of the bucking unit and give a warning signal; 3) feed the tree-length log under the saw blade when the latter is in its extreme non-working position; 4) advance the saw blade onto the tree-length log or log after it has developed (reached) full rotational speed; 5) switch off, on the control panel, the buttons controlling the units of the bucking unit when the supply of electric current is interrupted; 6) carry out repair, cleaning and lubrication of the bucking unit with the power supply switch turned off, after the rotating parts have completely stopped, hanging on the switch a combined prohibition safety sign: "Do not switch on! Personnel at work".
130. The control panel of a bucking unit with longitudinal feeding of tree-length logs shall be located no closer than 2 m from the plane of rotation of the saw blade.
131. Multi-saw bucking units shall be guarded. To preclude the possibility of workers entering inside the guard during the operation of the unit, the guard shall be fitted with a door interlocked with the starting device of the unit.
132. The removal of waste away from the bucking units shall be mechanised.
133. Workers carrying out the bucking of tree-length logs on the cutting area shall be provided with tools and devices (saws, handspikes, wedges), and when working in mountainous conditions additionally - with cords, chains or ropes for tying up the tree-length logs. On slopes steeper than 35°, the bucking of tree-length logs shall be prohibited.
134. Windfallen trees uprooted together with the root shall, when bucked, be secured by means of a stop on the side towards which the root plate is inclined. After the tree trunk has been separated from the root plate (stump), the plate is put back in place by means of a winch or tractor.
135. The sorting of timber shall be mechanised and carried out by conveyors (log conveyors) and other means of mechanisation.
136. Sorting log conveyors shall be automated or fitted with log kickers. Timber may be ejected by means of auxiliary tools (handspikes, lever bars, cant hooks). Ejecting logs by the "towards oneself" method shall be prohibited. This method may be used only for separating an assortment from a bucked tree-length log.
137. Timber shall be ejected into log accumulators. It shall be prohibited to be inside the log accumulators or between the log accumulators during the ejection of timber.
138. The control of two or more log conveyors connected in series shall be carried out in such a way that the starting of the following one takes place before the starting of the preceding one, and their stopping takes place in the reverse order.
139. The sorting log conveyor shall be fitted with remote control allowing it to be stopped from any point along its entire length, including the section along the unloading and bucking area. A limit switch or a kicker shall be installed at the end of the log conveyor.
140. Along log conveyors located on ramps, on the side opposite to the ejection of timber into the log accumulators, walkways at least 1 m wide shall be provided for passage and work on them. Ladders with railings shall be installed for access to the walkways.
141. For passage over operating log conveyors, footbridges, ladders and gangways shall be provided.
142. To protect workers from precipitation during the manual ejection of timber, a canopy shall be provided along the entire length of the log conveyor.
143. During the manual ejection of timber, ladders shall be provided for descent into the log accumulators, at the rate of: one ladder for every two log accumulators.
144. For the movement of the worker adjusting assortments that have taken up an incorrect position during ejection, a passage at least 1 m wide shall be provided along the front of the log accumulators, as well as remote control allowing the conveyor to be stopped from any point along its entire length.
145. During manual sorting, the ejection of assortments into a single log accumulator from two log conveyors shall be prohibited.
146. The types and sizes of stacks of round timber shall be selected in accordance with the process and the equipment used in stacking, and at riverside yards - in accordance with the conditions for storing and preparing the timber for timber rafting, and the methods and conditions for feeding it to sawmilling and other production subdivisions.
147. The methods of stacking round timber into stacks and bundles shall ensure: 1) the stability of the stack, the bundles and the load in them; 2) the mechanised dismantling of the stack and the lifting of the load with the attachment grabs of the materials-handling equipment; 3) the safety of workers when working on the stack or near it; 4) the possibility of using and of the normal functioning of workers' protective equipment and fire-fighting appliances; 5) the circulation of air flows during the natural or artificial ventilation of enclosed stores; 6) compliance with the requirements for the protection zones of power transmission lines, engineering utility nodes and power supply.
148. The forming and dismantling of stacks and bundles of round timber shall be carried out using appropriate means of communication: radio communication, voice or visual communication. Visual communication (signalling by gestures or flags) may be used only in good visibility.
149. In wind with a speed of more than 11 m/s, heavy rain, thick fog (visibility less than 50 m) and snowfall, the stacking and dismantling of stacks shall be prohibited.
150. When cranes are used for the stacking and dismantling of stacks and bundles, the work shall be organised so that the presence of workers under a raised and moving load is precluded.
151. The stacking and dismantling of dense stacks may be carried out with cranes fitted with grapples, loaders with clamshell and manipulator grabs, and winches equipped with self-releasing slings, log grabs and other devices ensuring the safety of the work.
152. Six-tonne and other heavy-duty winches used for stacking logs shall be installed in permanent positions. For each winch, a section of the yard for 8 - 10 stacks shall be allocated. The stacking of logs into stacks on each of the sections shall begin from the stack furthest from the winch, and the dismantling - in the reverse order.
153. Winches shall be installed on a decking of logs and secured with steel ropes or chains so that the possibility of their displacement is precluded. The workplace of the winch operator shall be protected from precipitation and wind.
154. To secure the blocks, pile clusters shall be driven into the ground or other devices made. The piles shall be covered with sheet steel. The fastening of winches and blocks to incidental objects and structures (supports of overhead lines, parts of structures, trees) shall be prohibited. The blocks shall be fastened to the pile clusters with a steel rope.
155. The blocks shall be guarded, on the side of the internal angle formed by the rope passing around the block, with guard posts inclined towards the blocks, or with rope loops.
156. Winches shall be installed so that the axes of the drums are perpendicular to the line of movement of the ropes. The working run of the haulage rope of the winch shall be positioned along the axis of the stack.
157. The ropes shall be secured to the drum of the winch. When the rope is unwound, at least three of its turns shall remain on the drum.
158. When stacking on banks and bank slopes, stops preventing the accidental rolling of logs down the slope shall be installed on the crest of the slope. Logs may be lowered down the slope into the stack only after work on the stack and the slope has stopped and the workers have come out onto the crest of the slope.
159. When stacking timber on a bank slope, it shall be prohibited to accompany, adjust or hold back moving logs, and also to lower logs down the slope with hooks.
160. The slinging of bundles shall be carried out by the four loops of the load tie-rods. The hook of the lifting device shall be positioned over the centre of gravity of the bundle. The bundles are slung and unhooked after the rope has come to a complete stop and slackened. Workers may climb onto the bundle to fasten the upper tie only after the slings have been tensioned, having made sure that there are no overhanging or unstable logs on the surface of the bundle and that the sagging bottom of the bundle is touching the supporting surface. For the slinger to climb onto the bundle, the stakes of the log accumulators and bundle-forming machines shall be provided with step-ladders or support brackets.
161. When forming bundles of round timber on a gondola car, the following requirements shall be met: 1) form the bundles on flatcars when using portable ramps; 2) form the bundles of the second tier on gondola cars when using removable half-stakes; 3) install the removable half-stakes after the bundles of the first tier have been stacked or formed in the gondola car; 4) secure the removable half-stakes on the gondola car by means of retainers; 5) load timber into a gondola car fitted with removable half-stakes using end or radial grapples; two- and four-leg slings may be used during loading; 6) lay the semi-rigid slings over the sides of the gondola car and manually adjust the round timber of the second loading tier from the platforms of the removable half-stakes or directly from the surface of the bundle; the grapple in doing so shall be withdrawn from the zone of the gondola car; 7) when loading timber, remain on the platforms of the half-stakes located on the side of the gondola cars opposite to the direction of movement of the load, or on the surface of the bundles located at the other end of the gondola car from the bundle being formed; 8) tighten the bundle on the gondola car by means of a grapple or a crane suspension; 9) switch off the drive of the flaps of the end grapple or of the jaws of the radial grapple when the bundle is being tightened and the upper sling ties are being closed; 10) close the upper ties when the load slings are tensioned; 11) secure the gondola cars and flatcars along the loading front with chocks.
162. Stacks of bundles of round timber shall be arranged in sections 12 - 15 m long along the loading front. For the slinger to climb onto the bundles, each section shall be provided with a portable ladder at least 2 m long.
163. During the stacking and dismantling of stacks of round timber, it shall be prohibited: 1) to carry out work simultaneously on adjacent stacks; 2) to be closer than 10 m from the stacks being stacked or dismantled.
164. Work on a stack (adjusting logs, slings, installing skid poles) shall, from the moment the workers climb onto the stack until they leave it, be carried out with the winch switched off. The presence of workers on dense stacks or near a stack (closer than 10 m) during the operation of the winch shall be prohibited. When dismantling dense stacks, a slope of no more than the angle of natural rolling of the logs (no more than 35°) shall be maintained.
165. The dismantling of leaning and dangerous stacks shall be carried out during daylight hours.
166. When dismantling dense and bundle stacks with cranes, workers shall be at a distance of no less than 10 m on the stack from the point of slinging the bundles at the moment the crane lowers the slings and lifts the slung bundle. The slinging of bundles on a stack of bundle stacking (using spacers that separate the bundles vertically) shall be carried out by means of flexible metal rods that are pushed into the gaps between the spacers. In the absence of vertical spacers, the slinging of bundles shall be carried out from the edge of each row by the projecting ends of the logs. The slings shall be inserted from both ends into the depth of the stack over a distance of no less than 0.5 m.
167. The stacking of tree-length logs (trees) in reserve by a skidding tractor and a clamshell loader may be carried out without separating the bundles with vertical spacers; in this case the height of stacks laid by the tractor shall not exceed 2 m, and of those laid by the clamshell loader - 3 m.
168. The stacking of tree-length logs (trees) in reserve at yards shall be carried out by means of bridge cranes, gantry cranes and installations with a lifting capacity of no less than 20 t. Before stacking, at least three bearers shall be laid on the under-stack location. Bundles of tree-length logs (trees) shall be laid into the stack in a stepped arrangement from the ends, first into the lower tier along the entire length of the stack with the bundles separated by vertical spacers, then three lines of spacers made of tree-length logs shall be placed on the surface of the tier and the second tier of the stack formed. The second and subsequent tiers may be formed without horizontal spacers when the bundles are laid crosswise.
169. Equipment and workplaces for the splitting of round timber shall be located no closer than 5 m from the stacks from which the raw material comes.
170. The starting devices of the splitting equipment shall be positioned so that the worker can use them directly from his workplace.
171. When feeding billets for splitting, the safety of the worker shall be ensured: the places where the billets fall and fly out shall be fenced off. When arranging the site for the billets, along the entire length of the receiving table at the boundary where it adjoins the splitting machine, railings at least 1.1 m high without middle and lower elements shall be provided.
172. Each timber-haulage road with the branch roads adjoining it shall be marked with a warning sign "Process Road".
173. When constructing crossings of timber-haulage roads with other surface roads at the same level, visibility of the approaches to the crossings shall be ensured both from the side of the timber-haulage road and from the side of the roads being crossed.
174. Transport routes at dead ends shall have bypasses or areas allowing vehicles to turn round.
175. On single-lane roads, two-way traffic shall be provided by arranging passing places with a usable length of no less than 30 m, located within direct line of sight but no more than 500 m from one another. The transition of a single-lane road into a two-lane road at passing places shall be carried out over a section no less than 10 m long.
176. During the haulage of timber along vehicle roads, trailers, bolster trailers and semi-trailers shall be fitted with brakes and light signals.
177. Vehicles shall be provided with serviceable tools and devices (a tow rope 4 - 6 m long, a lashing device, wheel chocks, emergency stop signs).
178. The simultaneous performance of loading and unloading work on two adjacent stacks of tree-length logs or trees with a distance between them of less than 50 m, of assortments - less than 25 m, and at both ends of a single stack (the head and the tail) shall be prohibited.
179. The loading of round assortments with a "crown" into gondola cars and onto flatcars of a broad-gauge railway shall be mechanised.
180. The manual loading of timber with a "cap", where mechanisms are absent, is permitted only in exceptional cases and only where specially constructed trestles or railway-track cuttings are available, the upper level of which lies at the height of a normally loaded gondola wagon or flat wagon. Transition footbridges shall be laid between the trestle and the wagons.
181. The loading of short assortments by small-size loaders through the end doors of a gondola wagon is permitted where special trestles are available that have sound decking and guards.
182. During the loading and unloading of wood boards from rolling stock, measures shall be taken to exclude any possibility of the boards falling, and boards set vertically shall be secured.
183. The loading of a vehicle (trailer) with plywood or veneer shall be carried out from the cab towards the rear board, and unloading in the reverse order.
184. The width of a loading and unloading ramp or platform, where loaders are used, shall be not less than 4.5 m, with a gradient on the approach side of not more than 5°.
185. When storing packs of plywood and veneer unloaded from wagons or being prepared for loading into wagons, the distance between the load and the nearest railway-track rail shall be not less than 2 m, and where the height of the stacked load exceeds 1.2 m, not less than 2.5 m.
186. During the loading and stacking of timber by grapple log loaders, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) the centre of gravity of the package being lifted shall not extend beyond the outline of the lower jaw of the loader; 2) the load being moved shall be gripped by the grapple and raised to a vertical position; 3) the presence (movement) of the load above the cab of the road train shall be excluded; 4) the tree-length logs (trees) being loaded shall be aligned only by the grapple of the grapple log loader. The aligning of tree-length logs by hand shall be prohibited.
187. When working on log loaders, the following shall be prohibited: 1) taking a load of timber from a stack that has cross-jammed tree-length logs (trees, assortments); 2) dismantling dense stacks more than 4 m high; 3) loading tree-length logs (trees) and assortments into the lower and outer rows against the bolster stakes of a timber truck where their length overlaps the distance between the bolsters by less than 1 m; 4) raising, lowering or tilting the load while in motion; 5) carrying out the stacking and rolling of timber on snow-covered or flooded areas without protecting the edge of the slope or the bank with stops (fender logs).
188. When loading timber onto timber-hauling transport by cranes, the following shall be prohibited: 1) slewing the boom or raising and lowering the load while the loading mechanism is in motion; 2) dismantling a stack to sling a load by undermining, or where there are overhanging logs; 3) working near log accumulators into which logs are dumped from a log conveyor. The distance between the log accumulators in which logs are slung and the log accumulators into which logs are dumped from the log conveyor shall be not less than twice the length of the logs dumped from the log conveyor; 4) taking a load from a stack with cross-jammed logs, adjusting slings, hooks or logs, changing the direction of movement of the load by pulling the cable aside, and standing next to it during the lifting and movement of the load; 5) raising, lowering or moving the load when workers are beneath it and within the zone of the possible lowering of the boom; 6) during breaks in work, leaving the load, or the grab, in the raised position or on an inclined surface from which they may break away or move under their own weight; 7) carrying out the repair, cleaning or lubrication of the loading mechanisms while the engine is running or the power supply switch is on, or of the load-gripping devices while beneath them; 8) adjusting the cable being wound onto the winch drum while it is in operation; 9) turning on the power switch and allowing the mechanisms to operate while workers are on the crane; 10) using slings with hooks for the end-gripping of logs.
189. During the loading and unloading of tree-length logs and trees by grapple log loaders, the presence of workers on the platform of the vehicle or on the coupled wagon set, and within the zone of action of the load being moved and of the load-gripping devices, shall be prohibited. It shall be prohibited to be in the cab of the vehicle during unloading work and the loading of assortments by all types of lifting and unloading equipment.
190. When loading tree-length logs (trees) or assortments onto a timber road train, the gap between the ends of the tree-length logs (trees) and the guard of the cab shall be not less than 0.75 m.
191. Tree-length logs or trees loaded onto a timber road train shall be lashed between the front and rear bolsters with one or two lashing devices. Timber is lashed at the stakes, being released from the lashing device from the road surface. It is permitted to lash timber with a lashing device between the stakes if its transport is carried out within the organisation.
192. The lashing of the load shall be carried out from the side opposite to the unloading performed by unloading-and-spreading devices, and from the side of the driver's workplace when unloading by cranes.
193. After timber has been loaded, the stakes of a tree-length road train with side unloading, fitted with a tie, chain or steel cable, shall be firmly lashed over the loaded timber.
194. Tree-length logs and trees projecting beyond the outline of the road train are marked with signal boards or flags bearing diagonally applied alternating red and white stripes.
195. Timber road trains shall be fitted with a cab guard and a swivel headlamp used for illuminating, during hours of darkness, the tree-length logs and trees being loaded.
196. The following shall be prohibited: 1) transporting tree-length logs, trees and timber loaded above the stakes; 2) placing the load above the protective device that safeguards the driver's workplace; 3) transporting passengers in the cabs of timber trains.
197. To ensure the safety of loading timber onto railway transport, special trestles (stationary, mobile or portable) shall be used.
198. When loading timber by cranes, grab load-gripping devices shall be used. The slings used during loading shall be fitted with self-releasing devices that exclude the need for a slinger to be on the rolling stock being loaded during the release of the load.
199. Before being loaded onto narrow-gauge timber transport, tree-length logs (trees) shall be sawn to length at the loading area to the outline of the rolling stock.
200. When loading tree-length logs (trees) or assortments onto the rolling stock of narrow-gauge railways, the tops and butt ends shall not project beyond the limits of the frame of the flat wagon or coupled set.
201. When unloading timber from timber-hauling transport, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) before the unloading of the rolling stock begins, ascertain that the locks, stakes and spacers are in good order and intact; 2) coupled sets or vehicles with defective stakes or stake-locking devices shall be unloaded using additional mechanisms or devices that exclude the uncontrolled rolling-off of the load from the rolling stock being unloaded; 3) when opening the stake locks, stand on the side opposite to the unloading; 4) observe a safe gap between adjacent flat wagons (wagons) being unloaded, which shall be not less than one length of a flat wagon; 5) compress the load of timber from above to prevent it from falling onto the driver during the lashing and the removal of the lashing from the timber truck.
202. During the mechanised loading and unloading of resinous stump wood, workers shall be in a safe place at a distance of not less than 10 m from the operating machines.
203. The manual loading of resinous stump wood onto vehicles shall be performed by a link comprising not fewer than 2 workers.
204. When loading resinous stump wood stacked in piles (woodpiles), the following shall be prohibited: 1) being near the piles (woodpiles) during the positioning of vehicles; 2) dismantling two adjacent piles (woodpiles) at the same time; 3) being in the body or trailer during the movement of vehicles from one pile (woodpile) to another; 4) loading vehicles from two sides at the same time; 5) throwing in and stacking the resinous stump wood at the same time.
205. Timber-rafting work shall be organised and carried out in accordance with technological charts approved by the employer or another official authorised by the employer.
206. A rescue service shall be organised at the timber-rafting operation.
207. Work on the water at a wind speed exceeding 8.5 m/s, during heavy rain and thunderstorms, or in dense fog (visibility less than 50 m), shall be prohibited.
208. Workers engaged in timber-rafting work on the water and near the water's edge (the shoreline) shall wear rafters' life jackets.
209. When working on slippery surfaces, workers shall be provided with anti-slip footwear.
210. Work to clear river channels shall be carried out at low water levels. Carrying out work to clear river channels during a flood or ice drift shall be prohibited.
211. The places where work is carried out to remove stones, snags and other objects, as well as ice holes and openings, shall be fenced off and marked with safety signs reading "Pedestrian and vehicle passage prohibited!".
212. When clearing a river channel and removing from the water objects that obstruct timber rafting, it shall be prohibited to be on the object being removed during its movement and to adjust taut slings or cables.
213. In winter, work to clear river channels, drive piles and assemble cribs on the ice shall be carried out at an ice thickness determined by calculation for each specific case.
214. Soil cast out from ditches, excavation pits or trenches shall be placed at a distance of not less than 0.5 m from their edges. Excavation pits and trenches shall be dug with slopes equal to the natural angle of repose of the given soil, or with vertical walls shored over their entire height.
215. In soils of natural moisture content with an undisturbed structure and in the absence of groundwater, the digging of pits for cribs, excavation pits and trenches is permitted with vertical walls without shoring: 1) in made-up, sandy and gravel soils, to a depth of not more than 1 m; 2) in sandy-loam and loamy soils, to a depth of not more than 1.25 m; 3) in clay soils, to a depth of not more than 1.5 m; 4) in especially dense soils that require the use of crowbars, picks and wedges for their excavation, to a depth of not more than 2 m.
216. When shoring the walls of excavation pits and trenches up to 3 m deep, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) install shoring posts at intervals of not more than 1.5 m; 2) position the struts of the shoring at a vertical distance from one another of not more than 1 m, and nail cleats under the ends of the struts (at the top and bottom); 3) let the upper boards of the shoring project above the edges of the excavations by not less than 15 cm.
217. The walls of excavation pits and trenches dug by earth-moving machines shall be shored with prefabricated panels and braced at the top.
218. Excavation pits and trenches dug during the cold (winter) season (with and without shoring) shall be unbraced and re-braced upon the onset of a thaw.
219. For the descent of workers into excavation pits and wide trenches and their ascent from them, gangboards or ladders shall be installed.
220. Excavating soil by the method of undermining (undercutting) shall be prohibited. Where soil "overhangs" form, they shall be brought down.
221. Excavation pits and trenches shall be fenced off. Warning signs and explanatory inscriptions shall be installed on the fences, and at night, signal lighting.
222. Before a pile driver is raised, unsecured parts, tools and other objects located on the tower (frame) of the pile driver shall be removed from it. During the raising of a pile driver assembled in a horizontal position, work shall be stopped within a radius equal to the length of the structure being raised plus 5 m.
223. Exceeding the maximum mass of the hammer and the mass of the pile established for the given pile driver and indicated on the frame of the pile driver and on its base shall be prohibited. A limiter of the maximum lifting height shall be installed on the pile driver.
224. The pile of the pile driver shall be hauled up through a deflection block secured at the base of the pile driver. During a break in work, the pile hammer shall be lowered and secured on the boom of the pile driver.
225. Piles and pile-driving equipment shall be installed without interruption until they are fully secured in place. Leaving piles and pile-driving equipment "suspended" and unsecured shall be prohibited. Where it is impossible to complete the installation and securing, the load being raised (the pile, the hammer) shall be lowered onto a firm base.
226. When driving piles with a pile driver installed on a floating base, the base shall be secured to shore or channel supports. Permanent communication with the shore shall be maintained by a duty boat or vessel or via a pedestrian footbridge with decking fitted with handrails. Life-saving equipment shall be present on the floating installation.
227. When carrying out work during the inter-navigation period (on the ice), before work begins the bearing capacity of the ice shall be determined, and the work shall be carried out when the ice thickness corresponds to the working loads. Piles, auxiliary equipment and tools shall be placed at a distance of not less than 25 m from the pile-driving location. In places where high and low tides occur in the mouths of rivers and in the coastal strip of the sea, workers shall be familiarised with the tide schedule and the corresponding work arrangements.
228. When assembling cribs more than 1.5 m high on the shore, a decking of boards with a guard shall be provided for the safe carrying out of the work and the passage of workers along the top of the crib being assembled.
229. The passage of workers onto reinforced slopes is permitted only via gangways with cross battens.
230. In those cases where work to reinforce the moving parts of bank slopes is carried out from the ice, deckings shall be laid for the passage of workers over the ice.
231. When carrying out land-reclamation and hydraulic-engineering work with a dredger, indicating and prohibiting safety signs are installed at the places where the shore slurry pipeline passes and at the boundaries of the freshly-deposited soil.
232. A floating slurry pipeline along which workers pass shall be fitted with decking with a guardrail. The transfer from the end pontoon of the floating slurry pipeline to the shore shall be made via a gangway.
233. The following shall be prohibited: 1) the operation of the dredger during a flood and during the ice-drift period; 2) crossing by boat over submerged papillonage ropes while the dredger is operating; 3) placing a boat under the ripper frame of the dredger during the repair and cleaning of the soil-intake devices and the ripper.
234. When the dredger operates near an overhead power transmission line, the distance from that line to the nozzle of the discharge pipe of the end slurry pipeline shall be not less than 30 m.
235. During the erection and installation of frame-type timber-rafting dams made of flexible material, workers shall be on the lower side of the supports, using for unrolling special lanyards fastened in advance to the screen. The assembly lashing shall be removed from the apron and the screen, when they are installed in the channel, from the upstream side.
236. For the servicing of frame-type dams, transition footbridges shall be provided. The footbridges are protected with railings not less than 1.1 m high. The distance from the front of frame-type dams to the transition footbridges shall be not less than 1 m. At night, the transition footbridges shall be illuminated.
237. For the period of operation of the dams, boards reading "Danger Zone" shall be installed at a distance of 50 m on both sides of the dam.
238. The following shall be prohibited: 1) the presence in the "Danger Zone" of persons not connected with the operation of the dam; 2) the arrangement of crossings at a distance closer than 100 m from the axis of the dam, upstream and downstream. These boundaries shall be marked on both banks of the river with boards reading: "Crossing prohibited!"; 3) the presence of workers on the flexible water-raising screen of a boom-type dam.
239. To carry out work at shore-based log bundling, the following shall be done: 1) marking the boundaries of the raft-building yard, the places where work is carried out, the routes and the access roads with marker stakes, safety signs and warning inscriptions; 2) equipping the places where work is carried out with lighting during hours of darkness.
240. Log bundling on ice surfaces is permitted after the bearing capacity of the ice has been determined and shall be carried out on areas that are levelled and cleared of foreign objects. At the places where machines and units descend from the shore onto the ice, log footbridges or trestles shall be provided.
241. When carrying out work to pick up and place micro-loads into the accumulator using a sorting-and-bundling machine, before work begins the following shall be checked: 1) the condition of the fastening of the cables and the tension of the trolley drive belts; 2) the condition of the protective guards and limit switches and of the earthing, and the sound condition of the signalling and the braking device; 3) the reliability of the units of the manipulator and the hydraulic system.
242. While the sorting-and-bundling machine is operating, operations shall be performed only after a sound signal. The operator shall monitor the movement of the trolley, not allowing it to skew. Particular attention shall be given to work with a load at the maximum permissible weight at the maximum boom reach and during its slewing.
243. When aligning logs in bundles with end-trimming units, the bundle shall be positioned precisely along the axis of the unit, perpendicular to the trimming plates. End trimming shall be carried out after the cable drawing the bundle together has been slackened. After end trimming, the bundle is compressed and bindings are placed on it. In doing so, the winch shall be braked. During work, it shall be prohibited to be near the end-trimming unit at a distance of less than 5 m.
244. The locks of the forming cables and of the accumulator posts shall be opened with special levers or cable tighteners.
245. The installation of winches for log bundling shall be carried out on specially equipped areas.
246. When forming bundles and loads with winches, the following shall be prohibited: 1) being in the path of movement of the bundle or the load; 2) being closer than 5 m to the taut cables and in the angles formed by the cable-and-block system.
247. When bundling timber by mechanised means, the load of logs shall be slung with slings of equal length and at equal distances from the ends. Passing slings around the load of logs and binding the bundle shall be done only from the ends.
248. When forming bundles with shore-bundling units, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) perform operations only in accordance with the established signals given by the signalman; 2) draw the bundle onto the unit so that the distances between the ends of the bundle and the frame of the unit are equal; 3) place the bundles on two bearers.
249. It shall be prohibited to be on the bundling device: 1) during the forming of the bundle and its drawing onto the unit; 2) on the bundle while the unit is moving; 3) during the release of the bundle from the unit, and closer than 10 m to the taut cables.
250. When using units with a grapple at shore-based log bundling, the picking-up of the bundle shall be carried out by its middle.
251. In the course of carrying out shore-based log bundling using bundling-and-transport units, the following shall be prohibited: 1) leaving the unit unattended while the engine is running; 2) riding on the footboards, wings or frame of the tractor unit or semi-trailer of the unit; 3) movement of the unit with the transmission disengaged from the engine; 4) raising and moving damaged bundles; 5) leaving the cab of the unit while a bundle is raised; 6) braking the unit sharply while it is moving. If the engine stops while the unit is moving, the transmission shall be disengaged.
252. When bundling by hand, the following shall be done: 1) lay the poles on a previously levelled area with their butt ends towards the unit being bundled; where the difference in the diameters of the abutting ends of the poles exceeds 5 cm, their ends shall be hewn; 2) roll the logs with pike poles or with a rope from the ends of the bundling units; 3) roll the logs on the bundling unit only "away from oneself". The angle of lifting of loads of logs onto the bundling unit shall not exceed 30°.
253. The following shall be prohibited: 1) rolling logs into a bundling unit along skidways with insecurely fastened ends; 2) being and working in the path of movement of the logs; 3) holding the logs with one's hands; 4) moving logs with an axe.
254. The ice cover on areas with insufficient ice thickness shall be reinforced. Before work to reinforce the ice on the route begins, it is recommended to remove the snow from a strip not less than 20 m wide or to compact the snow cover. When reinforcing small areas of ice with deckings and boards, care shall be taken to ensure that they rest on stable ice cover by not less than 2 m on each side.
255. Workers shall know and observe the requirements of the safety signs installed on the routes and raft-building yards and the rules for exchanging signals when placing bundles.
256. During work to form rafts, the following shall be prohibited: 1) the movement of vehicles with a total mass exceeding the bearing capacity of the ice cover; 2) travelling with the cab doors closed; 3) travelling along ruts filled with water, over hanging ice, or where sagging of the ice or through cracks are detected; 4) movement and work on the ice cover during shifting or breaking-away of the ice, or near open-water holes; 5) work on areas where water fills the cut hole by less than 0.9 of the thickness of the ice cover, since hanging of the ice and a sharp reduction of its bearing capacity are possible; 6) sharp turns and sharp braking of machines, exceeding a travelling speed of 4 km/h during the first three days after traffic is opened, and above 20 km/h in the subsequent period; 7) driving onto the ice cover past prohibitory signs or from unequipped descents; 8) breaches of the approved technology for carrying out the work; 9) the accumulation of machines and units in one place; 10) standing beyond the permitted duration; 11) overtaking machines and units travelling ahead.
257. When hauling bundles of timber onto the ice, the following shall be done: 1) approach the lying bundles at low speed, carry out work only during daylight hours, and change the directions of travel with the load daily; 2) the choker setter, when hauling away the bundles, shall follow the unit at a distance of not less than 5 m; 3) if a hazard arises, immediately stop the work connected with the passage and operation of the vehicle (unit) on the ice and warn the other workers of the hazard.
258. During crane stacking and dumping of timber, vertical and horizontal spacers shall be inserted to enable the passing-through of the slings.
259. Assortments intended for the waterproofing of their ends shall be placed in separate stacks. Assortments in a stack shall be placed with a difference in length of not more than 1 m. A gap shall be ensured between the ends of logs projecting from the stacks.
260. In preparing waterproofing solutions (compounds), a solution of oxidised petrolatum or a solution of petroleum bitumen is used. For preparing a petrolatum solution, bitumen-boiling cauldrons or metal barrels with a capacity of 100 - 200 l with an open end shall be used.
261. The vessel shall be loaded with pieces of petrolatum and heated over a slow fire to 100 - 110 °C. After the mass has melted, the solvent shall be added to it in small portions. When preparing a petrolatum solution, it shall be prohibited to use petrol as a solvent or to use diesel fuel as a solvent for thickened petroleum bitumen.
262. When preparing waterproofing compounds by the hot method, the approaches to the boiling cauldron shall be kept clear.
263. The boiling cauldron shall be heated from below. The prepared compound shall be poured out with a metal ladle with an extended handle. Dousing the compound with water or pouring sand into the cauldron shall be prohibited.
264. Applying the waterproofing compound to the ends of logs from the ground by hand is permitted at a stack height of not more than 2 m, and where a hydraulic sprayer is used, up to 4 m. The ends of logs located above 2 m in the case of manual application and above 4 m where a hydraulic sprayer is used shall be treated from staging.
265. The application of the oxidised petrolatum solution to the ends of logs shall be carried out using special equipment, and when treating the ends with molten petroleum bitumen, with brushes made of strands of hemp rope.
266. Work to form rafts from individual bundles shall be carried out on river sections at a current speed of not more than 1.5 m/s, and from individual sections of lockage units, not more than 1.8 m/s. Where it is necessary to form a transit raft from individual sections, rafts or lockage units at a current speed of more than 1.8 m/s, additional towing power shall be used to ensure the reliability and safety of the work of assembling the towed raft from individual sections, rafts or lockage units.
267. Forming points and points for stopping and holding rafts shall be equipped with fixed shore moorings or channel anchor points. Bollards 0.5 - 0.7 m high shall be installed on the mooring booms.
268. For braking the raft during towing and stopping at the points of arrival or lay-up, mechanised pontoons shall be used, fitted with braking and holding rigging, the raising and lowering of which shall be carried out by means of lifting mechanisms.
269. A warning sign reading "Beware of the tow!" shall be installed on the arch of the tug. When a raft is taken in tow, the crew members and rafters on the raft shall be removed to a safe place. Leaving the leads and anchors suspended on the winch drum shall not be permitted; they shall be secured to the klevka immediately.
270. The sheima ropes, drek anchors and drag chains raised from the water shall be arranged on the pontoon in such an order that one strand does not cross another and that the passageways are not obstructed; the space near the crane beams and stopper devices shall remain clear.
271. When tightening the rigging, the correct engagement of the traction hooks with the chain extensions shall be checked.
272. The bundles shall be pulled up and placed into sections with pike poles from the booms or from bundles that have been positioned and joined into rows. Bracing pike poles against the boom logs, bundle bindings and other rigging shall be prohibited.
273. When forming sections and rafts, the boom logs shall be laid from vessels, pontoons, boats or booms. The bundling units and rafts shall be hauled taut and secured by mechanised means only after a signal has been given by the team leader or the link leader, who shall monitor the reliability of the connections of the hook engagement and the position of the workers at the moment of tightening.
274. When stopping rafts with forming rigging, at the points of contact of steel cables with one another or of steel cables and chains, plate, arc or doubled clamps or other rigging locks shall be installed to prevent the mutual chafing of the contacting surfaces of the cables and chains.
275. Disembarking from a vessel onto the bundling units or the shore shall be done via a gangway.
276. Dispatching a raft from the forming place is permitted only after its technical inspection by the captain of the tug vessel (or another official carrying out the acceptance of rafts on behalf of the shipping company) together with an authorised representative of the consignor. Work to tow rafts shall be carried out under the direction of the officer of the watch. The crew members of the tug shall work in life jackets, and the rafting workers, in rafters' vests. It shall be prohibited for crew members of the tug to be on the raft without the permission of the officer of the watch.
277. When towing rafts, the following shall be prohibited: 1) releasing the towing cable on bundles and rafts while the vessel is moving, and also at stops if the cable is taut; 2) approaching the towing cable by boat and being on the line of the tow, at the point of its fastening on the raft or the stern of the vessel; 3) being in the working zone of the load cable when towing bundling units, and, during the paying-out of the mooring cables, in the zone of their tension.
278. It shall be prohibited to be on the line of tension of the steel cable at the sides of the pontoon or raft during the attachment or detachment of the holding or braking rod, and of other braking devices.
279. To stop the movement of the chain drek anchors and sheima ropes, special stopper devices shall be used. Carrying out the klevka fastening while the sheima rope and the drek anchor are being lowered into the water shall be prohibited.
280. A vessel that has taken a section or raft in tow shall proceed at low speed until the moment they are led out of the water area of the roadstead, the raft-building yard or the raft shelter.
281. Mooring and fastening rafts, sections or individual bundles to bundling units standing at the roadstead, to floating structures not adapted for this purpose, or to chance supports shall be prohibited.
282. Damaged bundles shall be repaired only at stops. Being on damaged bundles while the raft is moving shall be prohibited.
283. During mechanised work to raise sinker logs, the sinker logs being raised shall be placed onto floating craft with a sinker-log stacker or a grab. Transferring onto the scow is permitted after the grab with the sinker logs has been lowered. Placing sinker logs by hand is permitted only after the grab has been withdrawn from the placing zone.
284. During work on the mechanised raising of sinker logs, vessels, boats and other floating craft shall be prohibited from being in the zone where the work is carried out: within the radius of the boom of the lifting unit plus 15 m. The mooring devices shall ensure the secure standing of the scow and pontoon. A buoy (float) shall be installed at the places where the anchors are submerged. The list of the scow or pontoon during work and during towing shall not exceed 3°.
285. When transport or towing craft are moored to the sinker-log lifting unit, the operation of the crane installation of the unit shall be stopped.
286. When recovering sunken timber with the aid of hydraulic manipulators, it shall be prohibited for workers to be on the load platform of the timber collector.
287. When carrying out work to raise sinker logs by hand during the navigation period, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) the rafts for stacking sinker logs shall be sound and made of dry wood; the dimensions of the raft shall be not less than 2 x 6.5 m; 2) the stacking of sinker logs on the raft shall be carried out evenly over its entire area. Raising sinker logs from small rafts that have insufficient buoyancy shall be prohibited.
288. When carrying out work to raise sinker logs with the aid of sinker-log lifting mechanisms in winter, the entire work area shall be fenced off with marker stakes and marked with warning signs, and the dangerous places of the working zone, with prohibitory signs bearing explanatory inscriptions: "Passage closed! Danger". Before the unloaded sinker logs are transported, the strength of the ice cover at the places where the work is carried out shall be checked.
289. When carrying out work to raise sunken timber by hand during the inter-navigation period, the following requirements shall be met: (1) when raising sunken timber from under the ice, the ice thickness shall be checked periodically; (2) ice holes and cracks in the ice shall be marked out with marker stakes, and a strip of ice 1 m wide around the ice hole shall be sprinkled with anti-slip materials; (3) crossings over ice holes shall be covered with gangways made of sound boards not less than 4 cm thick and fitted with railings. The width of the gangway shall be not less than 1 m, and the length of the ends resting on the ice shall be not less than 1 m.
290. Timber shall be unloaded from the water onto the shore in whole bundles (packs) using cranes and other unloading devices.
291. Where timber arrives in bundles for the piece-by-piece unloading of logs by means of longitudinal and transverse conveyors, the bundles shall be broken up using special devices ensuring the safety of the work. Bundle lashings shall be removed from gangways, footbridges and booms.
292. Packs of logs shall be unloaded onto the shore (stack) by winches along guide skids.
293. The points where bundles (logs) are fed to the receiving devices of unloading mechanisms shall be equipped with floating structures consisting of booms connected by transfer footbridges and struts.
294. The points where logs are placed onto the crossbars (hooks) of the receiving parts of unloading conveyors shall be equipped with working enclosures made of booms for gathering a mass of logs and placing them onto the crossbars.
295. When unloading timber onto the shore by transverse conveyors (elevators), the logs shall be placed onto the hooks evenly, without skewing. Placing two or more logs on a single hook of a transverse conveyor, logs with double curvature, and also large logs whose diameter exceeds the size of the hook throat shall be prohibited.
296. The ends of the logs on both sides of the conveyor (elevator) chains shall project by not less than 0.25 m. Where work is stopped (during breaks), leaving logs in the conveyor (elevator) chains shall be prohibited.
297. When hoisting cranes are used for unloading timber from the water, the following shall be observed: (1) the mass of the bundles (packs) being unloaded shall be monitored and shall correspond to the lifting capacity of the crane; (2) only serviceable and certified load-handling devices (slings, crossbars, grabs) shall be used for unloading; (3) the bundles (packs) shall be slung from booms.
298. When unloading onto the shore timber cut out of the ice, crossings over ice holes shall be constructed from boards not less than 4 cm thick.
299. Resin tapping shall be organised and carried out in accordance with an approved process chart, which shall contain: (1) a plan of the cutting area showing the receiving and loading points, the temporary stores for keeping oleoresin, serka and barras, and the access roads to them; (2) the procedure and methods for the safe conduct of resin tapping work; (3) a note on the completion of the preparatory work at the cutting area.
300. Before resin tapping work begins at the cutting area, preparatory work is carried out, comprising: (1) the felling of hazardous trees (rotten, dead-standing, hung-up) to a distance of not less than 50 m from the boundaries of the temporary stores, the receiving and loading points and the route trails; (2) the preparation of the receiving points, the stores for the temporary keeping of oleoresin, serka and barras and the access roads to them, and the loading points; (3) the clearing of the approach to the working trunks (the cutting of obstructing undergrowth and the trimming of obstructing branches); (4) the construction of crossings in places that are difficult to pass; (5) the placing of heating cabins.
301. Work associated with resin tapping shall be organised in such a way that not less than 2 workers are working simultaneously on the plot allocated for tapping.
302. At cutting areas allocated for resin tapping, the conducting of any logging or forestry work during the period when the work is being carried out shall be prohibited. Where tree felling is being conducted at an adjacent cutting area, carrying out any work within a radius of 50 m from the felling site shall be prohibited.
303. During a thunderstorm and at a wind speed exceeding 11 m/s, resin tapping work shall be stopped.
304. For the dressing of the cara and the installation of cara equipment at a height of more than 1.5 m, tools with long holders (handles) shall be used.
305. For preparing the clampless installation of receivers (using the "shchap" notch) and their removal from a height of more than 1.5 m, workers shall be provided with chisels fitted with special extractors.
306. When dressing the caras and making fresh streaks using chemical stimulants, workers shall be provided with eye personal protective equipment.
307. Metal receivers for collecting oleoresin shall not have sharp edges or burrs.
308. When filling the tubular reservoirs with stimulants, the khimkhaks shall be secured in the required position.
309. For pouring stimulants into the khimkhaks, workers shall be provided with special ladles and funnels fitted with a mesh. Drips on the khimkhak and the handle shall not be permitted.
310. The khimkhak shall be adjusted so as to preclude the possibility of the stimulant splashing. For work at a height of more than 1.5 m, a rubber funnel shall be attached to the upper part of the khimkhak handle to prevent drops of the stimulant from reaching the skin.
311. When pulling back the mounting plates with the valve open, the openings of the dispensers shall be directed away from persons nearby.
312. On completion of the work, the residues of the stimulants shall be drained from the khimkhaks into a container for storing stimulants. For minor repairs and the replacement of parts, the khimkhak is cleared of stimulant residues and washed with water or a soda solution. Khimkhaks used in work with aggressive stimulants are washed using rubber gloves.
313. Oleoresin collectors shall have collecting equipment (buckets, small spades - barraskits, yokes, drainage boards). Oleoresin, serka and barras shall be carried to the receiving point in buckets on yokes wrapped in soft material, or using special shoulder pads.
314. When transferring from buckets oleoresin extracted using aggressive stimulants, rubber gloves shall be used.
315. Stimulants shall be prepared centrally in ventilated premises, to which access for unauthorised persons shall be prohibited.
316. Chloride of lime intended for the preparation of the paste shall be stored in closed barrels in a ventilated room or under a canopy that prevents the ingress of moisture onto the lime.
317. Chloride paste shall be delivered and stored at the work sites in tightly closed wooden barrels.
318. Workers coming into contact with chloride of lime and paste shall be supplied with a bandage, petroleum jelly and an unbreakable flask of water for removing lime and paste that has reached the skin of the body or the work clothing.
319. Sulphuric acid intended for the preparation of the paste shall be stored in hermetically sealed containers made of unbreakable and acid-resistant material. Sulphuric acid is dispensed using a special pump, a siphon or special funnels made of acid-resistant materials.
320. When diluting, sulphuric acid shall be poured into water in a thin stream. Pouring water into sulphuric acid shall be prohibited.
321. At the places of work with sulphuric acid or paste, there shall be rubber bulb syringes, clean rags, bandages, a 5 per cent solution of baking soda, and a container of dry soda.
322. Spilt sulphuric acid shall be neutralised with dry soda. Where there is no soda, the spilt acid is covered with sand.
323. Kaolin paste shall be prepared by pouring and carefully stirring sulphuric acid into dry powdered kaolin; kapron paste - by loading kapron waste into sulphuric acid.
324. For the preparation of working solutions and their transport, containers made of acid-resistant material with tightly closing lids shall be used.
325. Containers holding components for the preparation of aggressive stimulants, and also containers with ready-made aggressive stimulants, shall be marked.
326. A prepared working solution made of non-aggressive stimulants shall be stored in barrels or canisters with tight lids.
327. Using containers that have held stimulants for storing food, fodder or water shall be prohibited.
328. When cleaning barras from caras located at a height of more than 1.5 m, barraskits shall be used. The use of leaning ladders and scrapers shall be prohibited. The cleaning of the caras (regardless of the height at which they are set) shall be carried out using eye personal protective equipment.
329. The manual loading of barrels of oleoresin onto vehicles shall be carried out from specially equipped ramps and loading pit-recesses (caponiers), the platforms of which shall be at the level of the floor of the vehicle.
330. Where it is not possible to construct ramps and pit-recesses, skids fitted with stops that prevent the barrels from falling down shall be used when loading barrels. The skids shall have special hooks for gripping the edge of the vehicle and guys to prevent the skids from spreading apart. During loading, workers shall be positioned on the outer side of the skids.
331. Barrels of oleoresin are placed in the vehicle in a single tier and secured with a rope or cable. The carriage of persons in the body of a vehicle loaded with barrels of oleoresin shall be prohibited.
332. For each stumpwood plot (each forest compartment), a process chart shall be drawn up and approved before development begins. Carrying out stumpwood harvesting without a process chart or with deviation from it shall be prohibited.
333. The process chart shall contain: (1) a description of the stumpwood plot; (2) a plan for the development of the plot with its division into strips, the marking of process corridors, the areas for processing and loading stumpwood, timber-hauling roads, and areas for locating equipment; (3) instructions on the sequence of development of the strips, the conditions and parameters of drilling and blasting work, the boundaries of the danger zones during blasting work, the positioning of workers, the direction of movement of the blasters, their routes of withdrawal to a safe zone, and other instructions on safe methods of carrying out the work; (4) a note on the completion of the preparatory work. Workers engaged in stumpwood harvesting shall be familiarised with the process chart and the drilling and blasting work data sheet before the work begins.
334. The preparation of stumpwood plots is carried out before stumpwood harvesting work begins and includes the removal of hazardous trees (rotten, dead-standing, hung-up, windfallen, wind-snapped and broken), and of pieces of stumps and soil hung up on growing trees as a result of previously performed blasting work, the laying of process corridors and spurs of timber-hauling roads, the construction of areas for processing and stacking stumpwood and of stumpwood loading points, and the arrangement of the foreman's area. The readiness of the areas for stumpwood harvesting shall be checked by a commission, with a report being drawn up. The composition of the commission and the form of the report are approved by the employer.
335. When stumps are grubbed by machines, the area within a radius of 50 m from the zones where the machines operate is a danger zone. In the danger zone, the processing, cleaning and skidding of stumpwood and other work shall be prohibited. At the boundaries of the danger zone and on the footpaths and roads crossing the stumpwood plot being developed, safety signs with explanatory inscriptions shall be installed. Where unauthorised persons are detected in the danger zone, the stump-grubbing work shall be stopped.
336. The grubbing and haulage of stumpwood shall be prohibited at stumpwood plots closer than 50 m to forest walls and isolated trees, and also during heavy rain, thunderstorms, heavy snowfall, dense fog and at a wind speed exceeding 11 m/s.
337. When grubbing stumps in dense young stands or stumps that are not visible beyond the tractor bonnet, the grubber shall be guided onto the stump using marker stakes or flags, with which such stumps are marked in advance.
338. The harvesting of stumps on slopes is carried out where the gradient does not exceed the values specified in the technical documentation for the operation of the machine. The movement of tractors and units across slopes without the construction of special skid trails shall be prohibited.
339. When grubbing stumps with grubbing machines, thin trees and roots that have become caught in the tracks or other parts of the machine shall be removed after the machine's engine has been stopped and with the working element lowered to the ground.
340. When grubbing stumps, placing packing under the stump and standing in the pit under the stump to lever, raise the stump or chop the roots by hand shall be prohibited.
341. When grubbing stumps using the tractor winch, the following requirements shall be complied with: (1) steel cables with a diameter of not less than 20 mm shall be used for stumps up to 35 cm in diameter and not less than 25 mm for stumps 35 cm in diameter and more; (2) the root spurs shall be chopped beforehand on all sides for stumps more than 30 cm in diameter and on the side opposite to the direction of the cable for stumps up to 30 cm in diameter; (3) notches shall be made on the stump for fastening the steel cable, to a depth of not less than 1.5 of the diameter of the steel cable used; (4) the tractor shall be positioned so that its longitudinal axis coincides with the direction of the cable to the stump and its blade is lowered.
342. When grubbing stumps with toothed grubbers and grubbing wedges, the following shall be observed: (1) the grubber shall be guided onto the stump with the middle tooth; (2) the teeth shall be sunk into the ground at a distance of 1.5 m from the stump; (3) stumps from 40 to 60 cm in diameter shall be grubbed with the prior breaking of the side roots; (4) stumps over 60 cm in diameter shall be split beforehand with the middle tooth and grubbed in two to four passes of the tractor.
343. When grubbing with a bulldozer, stumps up to 20 cm in diameter in category I and II soils shall be grubbed with the blade sunk 5 to 10 cm into the soil. Larger stumps shall be grubbed in several stages, cutting the roots with the blade on one side or on several sides.
344. When grubbing machines travel to another stumpwood plot (over a distance of more than 500 m), the mounted equipment shall be set to the transport position and secured.
345. When gathering and hauling stumpwood with skidders, the following requirements shall be complied with: (1) auxiliary workers shall be positioned not closer than 10 m from the machine; (2) the breaking up of the pack held in the bucket shall be carried out with the bucket lowered to the ground, and the choker hooks shall be unhooked after the cable has been fully slackened and where there is no spontaneous movement of the stumpwood; (3) before the machine starts to move, the bucket shall be raised 60 to 80 cm above the ground; (4) during breaks in work, the bucket shall be lowered to the ground.
346. When skidders are operating, the following shall be prohibited: (1) raising the load while moving, braking sharply and making sharp turns with the bucket raised; (2) turning the boom when the grapple is sunk into the stumpwood being loaded, tearing away with the manipulator grapple stumpwood frozen to the ground and pulling it, and freeing stumpwood from the grapple by hand; (3) engaging the winch and tensioning the cable without a signal from the choker setter; (4) adjusting the cable, chokers and chokered stumpwood while the cable is being tensioned by the winch and during the dragging of the stumpwood; (5) adjusting stumpwood on the blade, trailer, body, bucket or grapple, and throwing fallen pieces of stumpwood onto the blade, into the trailer or body while the tractor is moving.
347. The area for processing and stacking stumpwood in the forest shall be level and cleared of shrubs, deadwood, stones and other objects.
348. When processing stumpwood, the processing of stumps and parts of them on a pile or on the tractor blade shall be prohibited. Stumps shall be laid out one by one in a stable position. The pulling apart of stumps in piles shall be mechanised.
349. When processing stumps with a power tool and stacking stumpwood into woodpiles by two or more workers, the distance between them shall be not less than 5 m.
350. Processed stumpwood is stacked into woodpiles not more than 1.8 m high. The ends of the woodpiles shall be reinforced.
351. During the mechanised loading and unloading of stumpwood, auxiliary workers shall be positioned in a safe place at a distance of not less than 10 m from the operating machines.
352. The manual loading of stumpwood onto a vehicle shall be carried out by a team consisting of not less than 2 workers.
353. When loading stumpwood, the following shall be prohibited: (1) being near the piles or woodpiles while vehicles are being positioned; (2) dismantling two adjacent piles or woodpiles at the same time; (3) being in the body or trailer while vehicles are moving from one pile (woodpile) to another; (4) loading vehicles from two sides at the same time; (5) throwing and stacking stumpwood at the same time.
354. The laying of pipelines for flammable liquids and of acid pipelines over the working area and over the steam pipeline shall be prohibited.
355. Measuring instruments, control instruments, valves and cocks for the direct servicing of the apparatus shall be located not higher than 1.5 m above the working area.
356. At the kilns, cauldrons, retorts and boilers, extraction hoods shall be installed over the loading and unloading side of the apparatus to remove the gases, vapours and smoke generated during loading and unloading.
357. Before the loading and start-up of the apparatus, the residues of material from the previous process shall be removed.
358. Lighting the fireboxes with flammable liquids (petrol, kerosene) shall be prohibited. While the process is being carried out, the firebox doors shall be closed.
359. Inspection, repair and other work inside apparatus, reservoirs and tanks may be carried out after cleaning their internal surfaces and, where necessary, neutralising the harmful and (or) hazardous substances that were in them.
360. Storing finished products in the room where the apparatus is installed and in the firebox compartments shall be prohibited. Finished products may be stored in warehouses.
361. The places where forest-chemical installations operate shall be provided with fire-extinguishing means. At the receivers of turpentine, oils and resins, at the finished-product warehouses and in the places where non-condensable gases are released, smoking and the use of open flame shall be prohibited. Safety signs and warning inscriptions shall be posted at these places.
362. When burning non-condensable gases, safety devices (hydraulic seals) shall be provided that preclude the possibility of gas leakage and the suction of air into the gas pipeline, gas collector, retort, cauldron or boiler.
363. Heating frozen or coked-up pipelines with an open flame shall be prohibited. Hot water or steam shall be used for thawing pipelines.
364. Ignited resins, turpentine, tar and oil shall be extinguished with sand, fire extinguishers, tarpaulin or a felt mat. If a flare-up has occurred in a container, the container shall be tightly closed with a lid to stop the access of air to the combustion zone. Where these substances are spilt, the place of the spillage shall be covered with sand and cleaned.
365. For loading tar-and-turpentine installations, loading platforms, ladders and ramps with secure guarding shall be used; wells and sumps shall be guarded and covered with lids. The platforms, ladders and ramps shall be regularly cleaned of dirt, and in winter of snow and ice, and sprinkled with anti-slip material. Turpentine Florentine separators shall be located in the open air.
366. In case of a power outage, the tar-and-turpentine installation shall be provided with electric lanterns. Where there is no electric lighting, loading the retorts and boilers during the hours of darkness shall be prohibited.
367. Cracks and gaps in the boilers and kilns detected during inspection before loading shall be sealed with clay mixed with a salt solution, using trowels and personal protective equipment to prevent burns to the hands.
368. The lids and hatches of boilers, cauldrons and kilns may be opened only after the completion of the production process and the cooling of the apparatus. During cooling, the outlet of resin and turpentine shall be shut off.
369. Where fire is detected when a boiler is opened, the boiler shall be immediately closed and hermetically sealed, and the unloading of it postponed until it has cooled. Burning charcoal shall be extinguished with water.
370. The lower hatch of the boiler may be opened where there are no signs of the charcoal burning after the upper hatch has been opened. Charcoal shall be unloaded where there is no fire in the boiler. The boiler may be entered after it has cooled and been aired.
371. Open and not fully unloaded boilers shall be kept under continuous supervision.
372. Unloaded charcoal shall be immediately taken away from the apparatus.
373. Charcoal may be stored in the storehouse after it has cooled.
374. To clean turpentine of impurities, pouring turpentine into a hot distillation still shall be prohibited.
375. The supply of firewood in the workshop by the apparatus shall not exceed the 2-hour requirement.
376. When distilling wood tar by fire heating of the stills, the stills shall be lined in such a way as to preclude the possibility of the direct action of fire and radiant heat on the walls.
377. Opening the hatches of the stills before the completion of the tar distillation process in them shall be prohibited.
378. The temperature of the resin or pitch entering filling shall not exceed 150 °C.
379. Before filling into wooden containers, the resin or pitch shall first be cooled in open metal containers.
380. Placing containers of combustible materials near the resin or pitch filling line shall be prohibited.
381. After loading the cauldrons, the lids shall be tightly closed, wedged and sealed at the edges with clay to preclude the escape of poisonous and combustible gases.
382. During tar distillation, the following shall be prohibited: (1) opening the damper and the lid of the cauldron and boiler before the completion of the production process; (2) approaching the fireboxes and open flame in clothing doused or soaked with tar and other flammable liquids.
383. On completion of the tar distillation, the cooling system shall be switched off and the cauldrons fully cooled.
384. When loading batch-type fir-oil boiling installations by hand, loading platforms, ladders and ramps with secure guarding shall be used.
385. Before removing the lid of the vat of a batch-type fir-oil boiling installation, the supply of steam into the vat shall be stopped and a holding period carried out to equalise the pressure in the vat and the atmospheric pressure.
386. The end of the safety pipe of the steam-generating boiler shall be provided with devices that divert hot water beyond the limits of the working room in the event of its discharge.
387. During the grinding of coniferous foliage, the removal of metal objects and stones from the coniferous mass shall be ensured.
388. To clear the screw grinder of raw material when it is overloaded, the grinder shall be switched off, the complete stopping of the rotating parts verified, and only after this shall the screw be cleared.
389. During a prolonged stoppage of the fir-oil boiling installation to eliminate faults, the supply of steam shall be stopped. During a short-term stoppage without switching off the steam, the speed at which the raw material passes through the fir-oil boiling installation shall be reduced and a certain quantity of raw material loaded with the hoist stopped.
390. When working on continuous-action fir-oil boiling installations, the supply of steam into the columns shall be stopped before unloading the spent raw material from the second column, so as to preclude the breakthrough of the raw-material plug and the ejection of raw material.
391. When unloading spent raw material from the fir-oil boiling installation, the operator shall be positioned to the side of the unloading hatch, that is, in a zone that precludes the heated mass from reaching him.
392. For the installation of a charcoal-burning kiln, a working area measuring 6 x 10 m shall first be prepared and cleared, and safe routes of approach and access to it constructed. Around the perimeter, the area shall be trenched with a ditch 30 to 40 cm wide to the depth of the combustible vegetation layer. In the summer period, trays measuring 0.8 x 0.8 m shall be installed under the firebox.
393. When loading raw material and unloading charcoal from the kiln, the kiln drum shall be secured with guy ropes to prevent spontaneous turning.
394. Charcoal shall be unloaded from the kiln after it has cooled to a temperature not exceeding 40 °C (where there is no burning charcoal inside the kiln). Charcoal shall be unloaded with rakes and shovels.
395. Disconnecting the exhaust flue, closing it with a lid, installing dampers and filling the seal with sand are permitted only when eye personal protective equipment is worn. Disconnecting the exhaust flue while gas is escaping from it shall be prohibited.
396. For pile charcoal burning, places sheltered from the wind shall be chosen, and in windy weather these places shall be screened with boards.
397. To prevent cave-ins during "shooting", the surface of the firewood, when it is stacked, shall be tightly filled with thin firewood and branches.
398. When sealing cave-ins, burn-throughs and vents in the piles, walkways and gangboards (of boards or poles) not less than 0.75 m wide with railings shall be used.
399. Charcoal burners and workers engaged in the unloading, transfer and sorting of charcoal and the filling of boxes and bags shall use respiratory and eye personal protective equipment.
400. Work at the site producing coniferous vitamin meal may be carried out when the aspiration devices and ventilation systems are switched on and operating.
401. The feeding of coniferous foliage shall be mechanised. The needle separator shall be fitted with a mechanical interlock that operates when the hand enters the danger zone of the feed roller.
402. Where the foliage catches fire in the drying installation, the supply of fuel and raw material shall be immediately stopped, the feeder stopped and the access of air into the installation shut off.
403. In the event of the failure of one of the feeders, the stopping of the supply of foliage into the drying-unit system and of diesel fuel into the nozzle shall be immediately ensured. The repair of the feeder may be started after the system has completely cooled.
404. In the rooms of the site producing coniferous vitamin meal, per-shift cleaning of dust from the surface of the equipment shall be organised. During round-the-clock operation, the drying drum shall be cleaned not less than once per shift, and the structural elements of the building once a week.
405. Persons working on the bagging of coniferous vitamin meal shall be provided with respiratory personal protective equipment.
406. The operation of the installation producing coniferous vitamin meal may be stopped after the full processing of the raw material fed into the installation.
407. The bagged meal shall be kept on a platform or under a canopy for not less than 48 hours to prevent spontaneous combustion. The bags shall be stacked in a single tier.
408. The diesel fuel tank shall be located at a distance of not less than 25 m from the building of the production site. The tank shall be earthed and provided with a drain shaft and an air valve.
409. Logging operations shall be organised and carried out in accordance with a process flow chart approved by the employer or another official authorised by the employer, which shall establish the procedure and methods for carrying out the work. When working in the forest, the process flow chart shall include a site plan showing the site boundaries, the approaches to it, places hazardous for work, and the location of vehicles, cabins and warning signs.
410. It shall be prohibited to carry out forestry work at a wind speed exceeding 11 m/s, during a thunderstorm, during periods of heavy rainfall or in dense fog (where visibility is less than 50 m).
411. The area designated for carrying out the work shall be surveyed and prepared in advance, and hazardous places (cliffs, fallen trees, rocks, pits, washouts) and rest areas shall be marked with safety signs.
412. When machine-and-tractor units are operating, the safety of the operating personnel shall be ensured. The presence in the tractor cab, and also within the work area, of persons not involved in the technological process shall be prohibited.
413. When forestry machines are operating, the following shall be ensured: 1) the absence of workers on and next to mounted implements during their raising and lowering; 2) the turning of the machine (unit) in places where there are no obstacles hindering it; 3) the absence of people within the hazardous zone of machines with active working elements (cutters, brush cutters).
414. When adjusting and replacing mounted and trailed equipment, the tractor shall be positioned on level ground, the equipment shall be lowered to the ground, and any spontaneous movement of the tractor and equipment shall be prevented.
415. When carrying out mechanised work on slopes, safety signs with explanatory inscriptions shall be set out (posted) at the foot of the hill.
416. The collection of forest seeds (cones) is permitted by teams of not fewer than 2 workers working within sight of one another.
417. For the collection of forest seeds (cones) from standing trees, workers shall be provided with devices ensuring the safety of the work (ladders, stepladders, mechanical lifts, climbing irons).
418. When collecting forest seeds (cones), it shall be prohibited: 1) to place stones, boards, branches, limbs or other objects under the lower ends of ladders (stepladders) to give them stability; 2) for more than one worker to climb a single ladder (stepladder); 3) to move from a ladder (stepladder) onto the crown of a tree; 4) when working with mechanical lifts, to remain in the cradle of the lifts while they are being moved (relocated).
419. It shall be prohibited to collect seeds (cones): 1) within the hazardous zone of tree felling; 2) from hazardous trees (lodged trees, trees with deep damage to the root buttresses and major roots, trees with butt and stem rot, or partially cut trees); 3) from felled trees while standing on their trunks; 4) from standing trees during rain and after it (until the trunk and limbs have dried), when the trunks are iced over, during snowfall or fog, or at a wind speed exceeding 6.5 m/s; 5) from trees located along a slope with a steepness exceeding 20° or across a slope with a steepness exceeding 15°; 6) without first checking the stability of the trees and securing them to sound stumps or standing trees; 7) simultaneously with the lopping of limbs; 8) within the area where loading operations are being carried out.
420. Work involving a worker's presence in a drying chamber (inspection, repair, cleaning) shall be carried out only after the temperature inside the chamber has been reduced to 28 °C, with the equipment fully stopped and the voltage disconnected. A safety sign reading "Do not switch on! Personnel at work" shall in this case be posted on the control panel.
421. Where a worker enters a drying chamber, the duration of their presence shall not exceed 5 minutes. In this case, an attendant, appointed from among the workers of the servicing crew, shall be stationed at the chamber door.
422. In a cone-drying kiln that does not have an isolated drying chamber, it shall be prohibited to carry out any work during the drying of forest seed raw material (seeds).
423. It shall be prohibited to use flammable liquids for lighting the furnace (boiler).
424. Mobile cone-drying kilns shall be positioned at a distance of not less than 50 m from buildings.
425. On roads and footpaths crossing the area being cleared, safety signs prohibiting entry and vehicle access to the area, and also signs indicating the routes for bypassing and detouring around it, shall be installed.
426. When two tractors (forestry machines) are operating simultaneously, the distance between them shall be not less than 60 m.
427. Areas with leaning and curved shrubs shall be cleared from the side opposite to the direction of their lean.
428. On weak soils (drained bogs, heavily moistened soils), the operation of a tractor (forestry machine) is permitted only after the ground has frozen.
429. The adjustment, setting-up and cleaning of the units of a tractor (forestry machine) to remove shrubs and tree fragments is permitted only after the engine has been stopped. In this case, the working element of the tractor (forestry machine) shall be lowered to the ground or onto a secure support (a stump or a log).
430. When clearing areas, it shall be prohibited: 1) to work without the protective guards provided for in the design of the tractor (forestry machine); 2) to work with a faulty spark arrester on the tractor (forestry machine); 3) to start the movement of the tractor (forestry machine), or to raise and lower the blade, knife or cutter, without giving an audible or other established signal; 4) during the mounting of the working element, to be positioned between it and the tractor (forestry machine); 5) to leave on the cleared strips any stumps that create a hazard during the operation of other machines in subsequent silvicultural work.
431. Improvement felling and selective sanitary felling (hereinafter - improvement felling) shall be carried out in accordance with a process flow chart approved by the employer or another official authorised by the employer (the chief engineer, the chief forester or a forester). The process flow chart is drawn up in accordance with the established Form of the Process Flow Chart for Logging Operations <1>. ——————————-- <1> Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation No. 367 of 27 June 2016 "On Approval of the Types of Logging Operations, the Procedure and Sequence for Carrying Them Out, the Form of the Process Flow Chart for Logging Operations, the Form of the Report on Inspection of the Cutting Area and the Procedure for Inspecting the Cutting Area" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on 29 December 2016, registration No. 45040). The process flow chart is issued by the person in charge of the work to the crew leader (team leader) against signature and is communicated to the members of the crew (team) for guidance when carrying out the work.
432. The organisational management and supervision of improvement felling is exercised by the person in charge of the work (an assistant forester or a foreman) appointed by an order (instruction) of the employer.
433. Improvement felling is carried out by crews (teams) of not fewer than 2 workers, one of whom is appointed as the senior person (crew leader or team leader).
434. Each crew (team) is provided with a mobile cabin for warming up, hot meals, drinking water, a first-aid kit, transport and appropriate PPE.
435. The hazardous zone when felling in young stands is taken to be equal to twice the height of the stand.
436. The width of a prepared skid trail or process corridor, when skidding with tractors (machines) of traction class 6 - 29 kN, shall be equal to their maximum width increased by 1 m, but not less than 3 m. When skidding with tractors (machines) of traction class 30 - 60 kN, the width of the skid trail or process corridor shall be not less than 5 m.
437. The skidding of timber by tractors (machines) shall be carried out in a suspended or semi-suspended position. Skidding by dragging the entire length of a tree, a whole-tree stem, a half-stem or an assortment along the ground shall be prohibited.
438. During improvement felling, including by the compartment-by-compartment (block) method, it shall be prohibited to carry out any other types of work within the hazardous 50-metre zone of tree felling.
439. When organising improvement felling using hand and petrol-engine tools, it shall be prohibited: 1) to begin work in dense thickets (work shall be begun from the less overgrown place); 2) to fell large trees before the smaller trees designated for felling have been cut down in the direction of the probable fall of the large trees; 3) to bend trees and shrubs to the point of high tension, or to cut (fell) them from the convex side; 4) to cut shrubs and thin trees, or to saw (fell) timber, without seeing the working element of the tool; 5) to make moves from tree to tree with the working element of the tool moving (rotating); 6) to clean the working element of the tool while the engine is running.
440. During improvement felling using a powered brush cutter, the following shall be prohibited: 1) the presence of people within the operating radius of the powered brush cutter equal to twice the height of the trees being cut; 2) operating the powered brush cutter with the protective casing removed; 3) operating the powered brush cutter when fuel is leaking; 4) changing the cutting tool of the powered brush cutter without locking the axis of the working head against rotation; 5) repairing the powered brush cutter, or servicing and cleaning the cutting tool and protective casing, while the engine is running; 6) refuelling the powered brush cutter near a source of open flame, and also smoking during refuelling; 7) using leaded petrol.
441. When treating crops with a cleaning roller, it shall be prohibited to carry out any types of work or to be at a distance from the operating roller of less than twice the height of the stand, and, when a cleaning brush cutter is operating, within a radius of 50 m of it.
442. Work with ploughs, cutters and cultivators on cutover areas with more than 500 stumps per 1 ha shall be carried out with prior clearing of the passages of stumps and logging residues.
443. The presence of people closer than 15 m to the operating cutter of a machine, and also operation of the cutter without a protective guard, shall be prohibited.
444. When using a hand-held motorised ripper, it shall be prohibited to carry it with the working element running.
445. When cultivating the soil by hand, workers shall be positioned no closer than 3 m from one another.
446. Before carrying out work on slopes, the presence of people below along the entire length of the slope shall be prevented. Warning signs shall be installed along the boundaries of the work zone.
447. When two or more machines are operating simultaneously on the same slope, the distance between them along the slope shall be not less than 60 m, and horizontally not less than 30 m. Work on a slope on the same vertical line shall be prohibited.
448. In the event of a forced stop of a tractor on a slope, it shall be braked and the engine switched off.
449. When terracing slopes, the arrangement of safe approaches to the terraces, to the crossings from one terrace to another, and to the turning areas shall be ensured. The width of the roadbed of the crossings shall be taken such that, during straight-line movement of the tractor or during its turning, the tracks on each side do not come closer than 1 m to the edges of the embankment slope of the crossing roadbed.
450. When organising work in terraces, it shall be prohibited: 1) to work on wet clay soil or in rainy weather; 2) to drive off the embankment part of the terrace roadbed with the downhill track; 3) to make sharp turns when working on slopes; 4) to push large boulders and stumps beyond the limits of the terrace; 5) to work on the construction of terraces without first marking them out; 6) to work in conditions of insufficient visibility, in the evening or at night. Along the terrace and the slopes, the movement of machines is permitted only in first gear.
451. When constructing terraces on steep slopes, it shall be prohibited to be closer than 10 m to the machine during operation, or to carry out the dressing of the terrace while units are operating on the slopes located higher up.
452. When organising work on the construction of ploughed terraces, it shall be prohibited to work on slopes having microrelief irregularities of more than 0.2 m (protruding stones, mounds) without first levelling them, and to raise the implements out of the ground when the machine stops.
453. The filling of the hopper of a tree-planting machine with seeds shall be carried out while the machine is stopped.
454. When planting a forest, a distance of not less than 3 - 5 prepared slits shall be constantly maintained between the worker performing the planting of the material (the planter) and the worker with the hoe.
455. When planting a forest by hand, the teams of planters shall be positioned no closer than 2.5 m from one another.
456. Moving with a motorised auger across the silvicultural site from one planting spot to another is permitted without stopping the engine, at idle (without movement of the working element). When moving over a greater distance, the motorised auger shall be switched off.
457. When a tree-planting machine is operating, communication (signalling) shall be ensured between the tractor driver and the planters, who shall give signals for the starting and stopping of the tree-planting unit. The trimmers shall be positioned behind the tree-planting machine at a distance of not less than 10 m.
458. Trees shall be removed from the planting strips. When the machine encounters obstacles, and during turns and crossings, the planters shall leave their workplaces at the signal of the tractor driver after the tractor has stopped.
459. When several tree-planting units are operating simultaneously on the same site in flat terrain, the distance between them shall be not less than 20 m.
460. The setting of the markers on tree-planting and tree-seeding machines to the working position, and their repositioning to the transport position, shall be carried out while the machines are stopped.
461. When carrying out mechanised tree-planting work, it shall be prohibited: 1) to get off the tree-planting machine and to get on it during operation; 2) to work without reliable communication (signalling) between the planters and the tractor driver; 3) for planters to remain at their workplaces when moving to a new work site; 4) for trimmers to be behind the tree-planting machine at a distance of less than 10 m from it; 5) to fill the boxes of the tree-planting machines with planting material while the unit is moving, and also to place it on the exit platforms of the machine; 6) to clean the sowing devices and to mix the seeds in the devices by hand.
462. When loading a mulcher, it shall be lowered to the ground. When loading a mulcher with an excavator, the tractor driver-operator shall get out of the cab, ensure that spontaneous movement of the tractor is impossible, and, for the duration of loading, remain at a distance of not less than the length of the excavator boom at maximum reach plus 5 m.
463. When carrying out watering work, it shall be prohibited: 1) to repair the water-supply system and its components while the system is operating; 2) to carry out watering on one site simultaneously with other types of work.
464. The safety valves and monitoring pressure gauges installed on the receiver shall be sealed.
465. The pumps shall be switched off immediately in the following cases: 1) when the pressure in the system rises above that permitted by the operating documentation; 2) in the event of a fault in the safety valves and interlocking devices; 3) when leaks appear in the seams and joints, or ruptures and bulges appear in the hoses; 4) when there are interruptions in the operation of the pump.
466. When undercutting roots and lifting seedlings, it shall be prohibited: 1) for the operator and workers to get onto the machine or off it while it is moving; 2) to remove boxes of seedlings (saplings) from the machine and to place empty ones while the machine is moving; 3) to make a turn-around and a turn with the working elements set into the ground; 4) to clean the working elements while the machine's power take-off shaft is engaged; 5) to work on the machine with the safety casing of the chain drive removed and the casings of the cardan drives removed; 6) to be beneath raised mounted equipment.
467. To hold up the raised frames in cold frames and greenhouses, special supports shall be used. The frames shall have handles for lifting them.
468. The clearing of snow from the frames shall be carried out from specially laid, firmly fixed walkways.
469. When filling cold frames with biofuel and cleaning them, workers shall be provided with a duty set of PPE (rubber boots, mittens and aprons).
470. When carrying out mechanised work, greenhouses shall be equipped with a ventilation system. Prolonged work in a greenhouse with an air temperature above 30 °C without the provision of scheduled breaks shall be prohibited.
471. Persons having medical contraindications, and also persons under the age of eighteen years, shall not be permitted to work with the use of pesticides.
472. The employment of women in work involving the use of pesticides and agrochemicals during pregnancy and breastfeeding of a child shall be prohibited. The employment of women in the transport, loading and unloading of pesticides, and also the performance by women under the age of thirty-five years of operations involving the use of pesticides, shall be prohibited.
473. The duration of the working day when working with pesticides shall be not more than 6 hours, and when working with organophosphorus compounds and preparations of mercury, arsenic, nicotine or anabasine - 4 hours, with additional work (2 hours) on other tasks not involving the use of pesticides.
474. The warehouse for storing pesticides shall be provided with scales, weights, scoops, tools for opening and closing containers and for taking samples, a funnel for dispensing liquid pesticides, and fire-extinguishing means.
475. The opening of containers of pesticides shall be carried out with the observance of measures of special care. Paper and wooden containers emptied of pesticides shall be burned immediately, and metal ones shall be returned to the warehouse. The use of metal containers that have held pesticides for other purposes before they have been decontaminated shall be prohibited.
476. Pesticides in the warehouse shall be stored in serviceable containers. In the event of a breach of the integrity of the container, or scattering or spillage of the preparation, the scattered and spilled preparation shall be removed immediately and the preparation shall be re-packed, using wooden shovels or plastic scoops for this. The places of scattering and spillage of the preparation shall be cleaned and degassed with chloride of lime or calcined soda.
477. For the temporary storage of pesticides while work is being carried out, special areas shall be allocated at a distance of not less than 200 m from water bodies and cattle-grazing places. In these places, it shall be prohibited to keep food products, water, fodder or household items. Unused residues of pesticides after the shift shall be handed in to the warehouse with a record being made in the receipts-and-issues log. It shall be prohibited to leave pesticides without guarding.
478. When transporting pesticides, motor vehicles and other means of transport shall be equipped with PPE, first-aid kits, neutralising substances (chloride of lime, calcined soda) and fire extinguishers.
479. Work to combat forest pests and diseases using pesticides is carried out with the use of special factory-made machines, equipment and apparatus that are not subject to modification by the operating organisation.
480. During the hot season, work with pesticides shall be carried out in the morning and evening hours at the lowest air temperature, low insolation and minimal air currents. In cloudy weather, the work may also be carried out during the daytime hours. Aerosol treatments are carried out at night-time using high-capacity generators. Treatment may be carried out in the late or early-morning hours.
481. When working with machines and apparatus intended for chemical treatment, it shall be prohibited: 1) to work on sprayers with faulty pressure gauges; 2) to use the machines where there is leakage of the working pesticide compositions at the connection points of flanges, nipples and hatches; 3) to use sprayers without filters.
482. The territory treated with pesticides shall be marked off with warning notices: "Caution! Pesticides applied", "The presence of people is prohibited until ___ (date)". The duration of the prohibition on people visiting the territory treated with pesticides (gathering berries and mushrooms, haymaking and cattle grazing) is established depending on the specific preparation applied and shall be reflected in the relevant instructions.
483. Before the start of chemical treatment in a greenhouse, the main work provided for by the technology for growing planting material shall be completed, and before treatment and during the period of resumption of work the greenhouse shall be ventilated. Treatment with chemicals shall be carried out in the evening hours when there are no workers engaged in other work in the greenhouses.
484. Treated greenhouses shall be closed, sealed and marked with the relevant safety signs. The time limits for the resumption of work in greenhouses after treatment are established taking into account the type of pesticides, the consumption norms of the preparation and its maximum permissible concentration in the air of the working zone. The minimum period for which the greenhouse is kept in the closed state after treatment: 20 - 30 hours.
485. When spraying, the operation of the spraying elements and compliance with the prescribed consumption norm of the preparation shall be monitored, and a large discharge of the working liquid shall be avoided. The spraying of plants is carried out from the windward side, without allowing the sprayed pesticide to reach the workers.
486. During aerial spraying, the signallers shall be positioned at a distance of 50 - 100 m from the edges of the area being treated, as agreed with the pilot. Where there is a crosswind, the signallers move from stake to stake against the wind.
487. During the application of pesticides, it shall be prohibited: 1) for workers to be within the treatment zone; 2) to blow out clogged nozzles (atomisers) with the mouth; they shall be blown out with a pump and rinsed in water, without removing the gloves and the respirator; 3) to open the hatches and covers of reservoirs that are under pressure, to open the delivery valves of the pumps or the safety reducing valves, to clear the nozzles (atomisers), or to remove the pressure gauges; 4) to carry out maintenance and fault-rectification operations on the sprayer and the tractor while the engine is running; 5) to carry out the maintenance and repair of machines and mechanisms whose reservoirs and working elements are filled with chemicals; 6) in the event of a failure of the conveyor, to spread fertilisers from the body by hand while the spreader is moving across the area being fertilised; 7) to pour working solutions into the tanks without filters; 8) to leave the machines, pesticides and the working solutions prepared from them unattended; 9) to open the hatches and to check the filling of the vessels visually; 10) to stand at the outlet nozzle of the aerosol generator during its starting and stopping; 11) to be on the leeward side when working with aerosol generators, and to direct the dust waves against the wind or at the workers, and also at adjacent areas not subject to chemical treatment.
488. On completion of the work on spraying the territory and plants, the apparatus shall be cleaned of pesticides and decontaminated using detergents on specially equipped ramps, sites or washing installations. It shall be prohibited to wash the apparatus near water bodies or closer than 200 m to residential and industrial premises.
489. The dressing of seeds and the treatment of planting material (saplings, cuttings) shall be carried out in premises specially intended for these purposes, equipped with supply-and-exhaust ventilation, or on open sites in rainy weather under a canopy. The dressing of seeds on open sites or sites covered by a canopy is permitted at above-zero temperatures of the ambient air (5 °C and above) and at a wind speed of not more than 2 m/s.
490. The dressing of seeds shall be carried out in special machines and apparatus. The feeding of pesticides into them shall be mechanised. Small portions of seeds may be dressed by mixing them with the dressing agent in hermetically sealed glass bottles. Adapting barrels or jars for this purpose shall be prohibited. Mercury dressing agents shall contain a dye giving the seeds a warning colour.
491. Dressed seeds shall be packed and transported in bags of dense fabric or synthetic film, or in kraft bags, which are marked or provided with a label bearing the inscription "Dressed! Poison" and stating the name of the dressing agent. The unloading of dressed seeds onto the floor or into boxes or buckets shall be prohibited.
492. When transporting dressed seeds and treated planting material (saplings, cuttings), the accompanying person shall be in the cab of the vehicle carrying out the transport.
493. Seed drills for sowing dressed seeds shall have tightly fitted covers. The levelling of seeds in the hoppers of the seed drills shall be carried out with special paddles. Levelling and sowing dressed seeds by hand shall be prohibited.
494. Fumigation work shall be carried out by a crew of workers consisting of not fewer than three persons. Carrying out fumigation work alone shall be prohibited.
495. Objects subjected to fumigation shall be located no closer than 200 m from residential premises (buildings) and 100 m from industrial premises and railway tracks. The objects being gassed shall be under round-the-clock guarding from the beginning to the completion of the fumigation work.
496. Fumigation may be carried out at an air temperature (both outdoor and indoor) of not below 10 °C and not above 25 °C. The air movement speed shall not exceed 7 m/s. If, on the dates scheduled for gassing, the air temperature exceeds 25 °C, then the work shall be carried out in the early morning hours.
497. Soil fumigation may be carried out only with the use of serviceable, hermetically sealed apparatus. When fumigating soil, workers shall move perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The work shall be carried out with the use of respiratory protective equipment. Carrying out fumigation by hand shall be prohibited.
498. The preparation of poisoned baits shall be carried out in a specially designated room equipped with a fume cupboard and having a cement or ceramic-tiled floor, or on special sites located no closer than 200 m from residential premises, livestock and poultry farms, and places where wild animals and birds concentrate (wooded ravines, coppices, and the banks of water bodies and rivers).
499. For the preparation of baits, special mixers shall be used.
500. The vessels containing poison or poisoned baits shall be stored in the warehouse, accounted for and used only for storing poisons and preparing baits.
501. For the identification of poisoned baits, a dye (fuchsine) shall be added to them. The remains of baits laid out for the winter in the territories of nurseries shall be removed in spring.
502. Forestry work on areas treated with pesticides may be carried out only after the expiry of the periods established for each pesticide or group of pesticides. Work in dry hot weather on areas with tall plants and with plants where airing is difficult may be carried out not earlier than 2 weeks after treatment.
503. Mechanised work on areas treated with pesticides, irrespective of the time of their application, is permitted where the tractors and mobile transport units have closed cabs.
504. In the areas where work involving the use of pesticides is carried out, it shall be prohibited to eat food. Food may be eaten during the lunch break in a specially designated equipped place located no closer than 200 m on the windward side from the areas being treated, the places where solutions are prepared and the loading areas, after the removal of work clothing, washing of the hands and face, and rinsing of the mouth cavity with drinking water.
505. Hydro-forest-reclamation work shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Rules and the approved design, which ensure the safety of the entire complex of work, including survey work, the regulation of water intakes, the preparation of the route, of the passages and of the sites for water bodies, earthworks for the construction of canals and passages, the construction of hydraulic and artificial structures, the arrangement of roads and fire-prevention water bodies, and the operation and repair of drainage systems and structures.
506. Where there are underground utilities or power lines, hydro-forest-reclamation work is carried out subject to the written permission of the operating organisation and the issuing of a permit to work.
507. To prevent accidents and to create safe conditions for the operation of electrical networks, protection zones are established along overhead power lines on both sides of the power line from the outermost conductors at a distance of: 10 m at a voltage of up to 20 kV; 15 m at a voltage from 20 to 35 kV; 20 m at a voltage from 35 to 110 kV; 25 m at a voltage from 110 to 220 kV.
508. Along underground cables, a protection zone is established on both sides of the outermost cables at a distance of 1 m.
509. In the protection zones of electrical networks, without the written consent of the organisations in charge of these networks, it shall be prohibited to carry out blasting or reclamation work, to plant or fell trees and shrubs, to set up field camps, to water crops, to carry out earthworks to a depth of more than 0.3 m, or to level the ground.
510. The installation and operation of jib load-lifting mechanisms directly beneath the conductors of live overhead power lines shall be prohibited.
511. The operation and movement of load-lifting machines and mechanisms, any part of which may enter the protection zone of a live power line, shall be carried out under the direction and constant supervision of a person in charge of the work having an electrical-safety group of not lower than IV.
512. When working in the protection zone of a power line, vehicles and load-lifting machines and mechanisms on pneumatic-tyred running gear shall be earthed. It shall be prohibited to carry out any work (including the servicing of equipment) before the earthing has been installed. Load-lifting machines and mechanisms on tracked running gear, when set directly on the ground, do not need to be earthed.
513. When a load-lifting machine passes beneath a live power line, the boom shall be in the transport position; off-road movement beneath the conductors of a live power line shall be carried out closer to the support.
514. When regulating water intakes, the mechanised clearing of river channels and water bodies is carried out at a water depth at the place of work of not more than 0.6 m. During periods of flood and ice drift, carrying out mechanised clearing of river channels and water bodies shall be prohibited.
515. Before the start of work on the construction of forest drainage systems, preparatory work shall be completed: the cutting of routes, the removal of hazardous trees along the route within a distance of 30 m from its axis, the cutting of shrubs and the grubbing-out of stumps, and the removal of large stones and boulders.
516. Before the start of mechanised drainage work in marshy terrain, decking made of metal or wooden panels and log mats shall be laid along the path of travel of the earth-moving machines, or a transverse corduroy track shall be laid, to ensure a permissible specific pressure on the ground during movement of the machine. When machines are moved, the soil shall be probed every 5 m to detect concealed bog-holes and watercourses.
517. When an excavator is used in hydraulic forest reclamation work during icy conditions or after rain on clay soils, special grousers ensuring safe movement over slippery ground shall be fitted to the tracks.
518. On completion of work and during breaks, the excavator shall be positioned at a safe distance from the edge of the channel, and the bucket shall be lowered to the ground on the side opposite to the channel.
519. The area within the operating radius of the excavator (the length of the boom at maximum reach plus 5 m) is a hazardous zone and is marked with prohibitory safety signs bearing the explanatory inscription: "Vehicle and pedestrian access prohibited!".
520. When organising the operation of the excavator, it shall be prohibited to: 1) excavate soil on a slope exceeding that permitted by the technical data sheet of the excavator; 2) use the slewing and travel mechanism for cutting soil; 3) engage the slewing mechanism before the bucket has been filled and detached from the ground; 4) move the bucket over the cab of the machine during soil loading; 5) move the excavator with a loaded bucket; 6) slew the unit while the working element is embedded in the ground.
521. During simultaneous operation, the bulldozer shall not be within the operating radius of the excavator.
522. During excavation of soil with a multi-bucket excavator, it shall be prohibited to be closer than 3 m to its head drum. When the wind speed exceeds 11 m/s, operation of the multi-bucket excavator shall be prohibited.
523. When loosening soil with impact devices, a metal mesh shall be installed at the windscreen of the excavator cab.
524. When loosening frozen soil with impact devices, it shall be prohibited to be within a radius of less than 60 m from the working location of the earth-moving machine. The specified hazardous zone is marked with prohibitory safety signs bearing the explanatory inscription: "Vehicle and pedestrian access prohibited!".
525. It shall be prohibited for two excavators, one of which is breaking up frozen soil, to work simultaneously on the same site within a radius of 50 m.
526. The excavator shall be equipped with an audible signal. Signals are given in accordance with an established system, which is communicated to the personnel operating the excavator and the vehicles.
527. When a single-bucket excavator travels to the working location or to the machine parking point, the bucket shall be cleared of soil and raised above the ground to a height of 0.5 - 0.7 m, and the boom shall be set strictly in the direction of travel. On steep descents and ascents with a longitudinal gradient exceeding that established by the data sheet of the excavator, its movement is permitted only in the presence of the person responsible for the safe performance of the work. To prevent overturning, the excavator shall be towed by a tractor or a winch using a steel rope.
528. The channel digger or channel cleaner shall be brought up to the mouth of the trench in reverse at a low engine speed until the working element is lowered into the channel.
529. The presence of persons within a radius of 30 m from an operating rotary channel digger and channel cleaner shall be prohibited. The hazardous zone is marked with prohibitory safety signs bearing the explanatory inscription: "Hazardous zone! Pedestrian and vehicle access prohibited".
530. On rotary ditch diggers, channel cleaners, and also ploughs and blades, when working dry peat soils in dry and windy weather, the tractor operator shall use personal protective equipment (PPE) for the organs of vision.
531. Uncoupling of earth-moving equipment from the tractor while in motion shall be prohibited. Uncoupling is permitted after the unit has stopped, with the towed equipment securely fixed on a support.
532. The movement of oversized excavators and other heavy earth-moving machines along roads, over bridges, through culvert crossings, over dams, embankments and other artificial structures, and also over railway crossings, is carried out under the direction of a responsible official appointed in agreement with the organisation in charge of the structure.
533. To prevent fires, particularly on peatlands, it shall be prohibited to light bonfires, burn grass and tree and shrub vegetation, or smoke outside specially equipped places.
534. The operation of mechanisms with internal combustion engines is permitted only where the exhaust pipes are fitted with spark arresters and fire-extinguishing means are available.
535. When directing workers to extinguish a forest fire, the employer shall: 1) draw up lists of workers who have undergone the appropriate training, determine the composition of the forest fire-fighting groups (teams), and appoint the leaders of those groups (teams); 2) provide the workers with PPE, field equipment (tents, sleeping bags, thermal-insulation mats or inflatable mattresses, individual rucksacks or load-bearing systems, cartographic material, individual torches), camp property (utensils, containers for transporting fuel and lubricants, fire-extinguishing agents and water, awnings, transport (cargo) containers, lighting devices, signalling and marking means), individual first-aid kits and group medical sets for the provision of first aid, a supply of food for not less than 5 days, a supply of drinking water at a rate of not less than 4 - 6 l per person per day, means of protection against bites of blood-sucking insects and ticks, fire-extinguishing means, and means of communication and navigation.
536. The leaders of the forest fire-fighting groups (teams) shall obtain lists of workers, a topographic and/or forest fire map (diagram) of the district concerned, and information about the fire and about the particulars of interaction among the supervisory personnel during extinguishing of the fire, and shall check that the workers have PPE, field equipment and camp property, supplies of food and drinking water, and the availability and completeness of fire-extinguishing means, means of communication and means for the provision of first aid.
537. The delivery of workers and forest fire-fighting groups (teams) to forest fires shall be carried out during daylight hours, except in cases where the fire poses an immediate threat to populated areas and economic facilities, by the sole decision of the person in charge of extinguishing the forest fire.
538. The performance of forest fire extinguishing work is permitted to workers who have undergone the appropriate training and have received instruction in the safe methods and techniques of performing work. When work is carried out in areas infected with tick-borne encephalitis, the workers are vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis in advance. The transport and use in forest fire extinguishing of workers who are in a state of alcoholic, narcotic or medicinal intoxication, or who show pronounced (observable) signs of a morbid physiological or mental condition, shall be prohibited.
539. During a thunderstorm, forest fire extinguishing work shall be stopped, radio sets shall be switched off, aerials shall be disconnected and earthed, and metal objects shall be placed in a specially designated place. The workers shall take up a safe position in a clearing, an area of young growth, small folds of the terrain, on a hillside, or between trees growing 20 - 25 m apart. It shall be prohibited to shelter from the rain under isolated trees, triangulation and observation towers, to touch the supports of high-voltage power transmission lines, the wires of communication lines, or the leads of the aerial and the counterpoise.
540. The transport of workers is permitted in specially equipped helicopters (aeroplanes). The number of workers transported shall not exceed the number of seats.
541. Boarding (disembarkation) of workers and cargo shall be carried out on the command of the aircraft commander. Actions involving boarding, disembarkation, movement of cargo and movement within the aircraft are performed only on the command of the crew members (the observer pilot). When a helicopter lands at a permanent landing site, the boarding and disembarkation of passengers is permitted only after the rotors have come to a complete stop. Equipment and personal belongings shall be packed in cargo containers (bags, cases, boxes) and/or rucksacks that can be loaded into or unloaded from the helicopter and cannot be damaged by the airflow during loading and unloading. Long items (including skis, probes, shovels and rakes) are carried to the helicopter as low as possible and parallel to the ground surface (horizontally). The approach of workers and boarding (disembarkation) while the helicopter rotors are running shall be carried out towards the front hemisphere of the nose part of the fuselage. Boarding (disembarkation) of workers into a helicopter in "hovering" mode is permitted only where it is impossible for the helicopter to land. Workers transported on aircraft shall be informed in advance of the procedure for boarding and disembarkation and of conduct on board the aircraft.
542. Smoking near aircraft shall be prohibited. A smoking area shall be set up no closer than 50 m from the aircraft. It shall be prohibited to light a fire in the area of the take-off and landing sites.
543. The extinguishing of a forest fire is headed by the person in charge of extinguishing the forest fire (hereinafter - the person in charge of extinguishing the fire), selected from among the specially trained workers of the forest fire-fighting units (formations), who directs, on the principles of unity of command, the forest fire-fighting units (formations) and also the forces and fire-extinguishing means brought in that participate in extinguishing the fire.
544. Before the start of forest fire extinguishing work, the person in charge of extinguishing the fire organises additional reconnaissance of the fire and determines its boundaries and the direction and speed of spread of the fire.
545. After receiving information about the fire, the person in charge of extinguishing the forest fire (sector) and the leaders of the forest fire-fighting groups (teams) conduct a targeted briefing with the subordinate workers, in the course of which they: 1) inform about the state of the fire, its location, and the forecast of its development and spread; inform, by means of the map (diagram) and on the ground by landmarks, of the location of the fire sectors and the distance of the fire from the nearest populated areas and transport routes; 2) explain the objectives and set the tasks for extinguishing the fire, deploy the workers (groups of workers), and determine the methods, techniques and tactics for extinguishing the fire at the working area of the group (team); 3) explain the procedure for interaction and for communication, including in the event of a critical situation arising; 4) indicate safe places (refuges) in clearings, in deciduous stands, on the banks of water bodies, by roads, in the burnt-out area and at fire barriers, and also the routes of withdrawal to them, and appoint guides (responsible workers) in case the workers need to be led to the refuges in unfamiliar terrain; 5) indicate the places for rest and overnight stay and the times of work and rest; 6) explain the structure of command of the forces and means at the fire concerned. The seniors of the forest fire-fighting groups shall have at their disposal such a number of workers whose work they can control, but not more than 10 persons.
546. It shall be prohibited to direct workers to extinguish, with hand tools, a rapidly spreading fire edge where the flame height exceeds 1.5 - 2 m. The extinguishing of such an edge is postponed to the evening or morning hours or to the periods of maximum daily moisture content of the combustible materials.
547. Places for prolonged rest and overnight stay shall be located no closer than 100 m from the boundary of the localised part of the fire and separated from it by a fire barrier (mineralised strips, strips of fire-retardant solutions) not less than 1.4 m wide. In case of a breakthrough of the fire, provision shall be made for the possibility of creating new barrier strips. Within a radius of 50 m, dangerous (leaning, rotten, dead-standing) trees shall be felled. For the workers' rest period, persons on duty shall be appointed, and when large or rapidly developing fires are being extinguished, round-the-clock duty at the camp (encampment) and monitoring of the direction and force of the wind shall be ensured. It shall be prohibited to arrange overnight accommodation for workers in the zone of the active edge of the forest fire and in coniferous young stands.
548. The leaders of the forest fire-fighting groups (teams) shall periodically check the presence of the workers at the fire. If any of the workers is absent, a search for them shall be organised immediately. The results of the search are reported to the person in charge of the extinguishing.
549. The person in charge of extinguishing the fire shall be provided with communication with the forestry (forest fire) organisation, the leaders of the groups (teams) present at the fire, the forest fire (fire-chemical) station, the aviation unit and the aircraft serving the fire concerned, and also with the dispatch point of the forestry district in whose territory the fire is active.
550. Upon receipt from meteorological stations of a forecast of strengthening wind, a sharp rise in temperature, flooding or other hazardous phenomena, the heads of the forest fire (fire-chemical) stations and aviation units, the observer pilots and the dispatchers of the specialised dispatch service shall report that forecast to the person in charge of extinguishing the fire.
551. Work to extinguish a forest (wildland) fire shall be performed by groups (crews) of not less than 2 workers, one of whom is appointed as the senior. It shall be prohibited to perform forest fire extinguishing work alone.
552. When extinguishing a fire, the scorched dead-standing timber shall be kept under watch and promptly cleared towards the fire to prevent its sudden fall. Each worker shall watch for dangerous falling trees, the trajectory of movement of the machinery and the actions of the aircraft at the location where the group is present (working).
553. Workers engaged in extinguishing a forest (wildland) fire shall be provided with a set of personal protective equipment: protective clothing made of fire-resistant fabric, a cape made of fire-resistant fabric, boots (high boots), gloves, a protective helmet, protective goggles, respiratory protective equipment, a personal whistle and compass, an individual torch, an individual portable water container (containers) with a capacity of not less than 0.8 l, and an individual first-aid kit. It shall be prohibited to be at a forest fire without protective clothing and protective helmets. Workers engaged in extinguishing the fire shall be provided with food and quality drinking water throughout the period of performing the work and being at the fire.
554. Workers shall remain in the immediate vicinity of the fire for no more than 30 minutes. Workers may be readmitted to work only after a short rest outside the zone of smoke and thermal effect of the fire.
555. When working at the edge of the fire, workers shall: 1) maintain the distance between workers within visibility, taking into account a safety zone between workers of not less than 3 m, except in cases that provide for a reduction of the distance in accordance with the requirements of the technologies for performing particular works and operations; 2) not lose sight of the workers working nearby and constantly monitor their movement visually; 3) if a worker is enveloped by the active edge of the fire, step back and immediately report the hazardous situation that has arisen to the person in charge of extinguishing the fire (sector) or the leader of the forest fire-fighting group, having warned the workers working nearby of the danger.
556. Workers brought in to extinguish the fire shall have no right to leave, without authorisation, the working place assigned to them without the permission of the leader of the forest fire-fighting group or the person in charge of extinguishing the fire (sector), except in cases of receiving burns, injuries, wounds or carbon monoxide poisoning, and also in cases of danger to the worker's life (being surrounded by fire, falling of trees, branches or dead-standing timber, rockfall, or contact with dangerous wild animals).
557. To prevent the encirclement of workers and machinery by the fire, the leaders of the forest fire-fighting groups (teams) shall keep constant watch over the direction of its spread. Observation (control) is organised over the forest fire-fighting groups working in isolation from the main forces, and radio communication (telephone communication) is maintained with them.
558. When extinguishing a fire in mountainous terrain, it shall be prohibited: 1) to be above the edge of the fire on a steep (steeper than 20°) unburnt slope, if the slope is covered with coniferous young growth, shrubs and accumulations of other combustible materials; 2) to be in front of the fire front in narrow hollows, depressions and ravines; 3) to throw down deadfall and stones from the edge of the fire.
559. When extinguishing a forest fire by means of back-burning, the leaders of the forest fire-fighting groups (teams) shall ensure the absence of people and machinery between the fire front and the support strip, and only after that give the signal to ignite the ground cover. The support strip shall be laid at a safe distance from the edge of the fire, taking into account the speed of advance of the fire. In the case of running crown fires, workers shall not be closer than 250 m from the fire front (at a distance of not less than twice the length of the possible jumps). Back-burning to localise running crown fires shall be carried out in the evening and morning hours, and also during the periods of maximum daily moisture content of the combustible materials, when the intensity and speed of spread of the combustion decrease.
560. Before the start of extinguishing a ground (ground-peat) fire, reconnaissance shall be organised to determine the boundaries of the fire. The established boundary of the fire shall be marked on the ground with flags or any improvised means. Workers carrying out reconnaissance of the fire boundaries at a ground (ground-peat) fire shall be provided with thermal probes or poles. Workers performing work to extinguish a ground (ground-peat) fire shall constantly watch for falling trees, warning of the danger. It shall be prohibited to cross the marked boundary of the fire.
561. When a bulldozer is used in extinguishing a fire, workers shall not be in front of or behind it within a zone equal to twice the height of a tree. The work of the bulldozer (tractor) shall be coordinated by a signaller, who indicates the direction of movement, observes the spread of the fire and the throw-over of fire across the strip, and warns of danger. Constant radio communication is established between the driver (operator) of the bulldozer (tractor) and the signaller, as well as the possibility of using visual communication by gestures and light communication (the use of light signals from individual torches, light beacons, retro-reflective markers, and the use of clothing or individual equipment with enhanced visibility).
562. Workers who have received injuries or poisoning shall be immediately taken to the nearest medical institution. On completion of the forest fire extinguishing work, the leaders of the groups (teams) shall assemble the workers who took part in extinguishing the fire, check their presence by name, and report the results to the person in charge of extinguishing the fire. If workers are absent, a search for them shall be organised immediately. The departure of the fire-fighting machinery and the withdrawal of workers from the site of the extinguished fire are carried out under the control (observation) of the person in charge of extinguishing the fire (or the head of the extinguishing sector at the fire) and the leader of the group (team).
563. Unauthorised absences of workers from the site of the group's work, as well as from the field camp, and unauthorised departure to transport routes and populated areas, shall be prohibited.
564. During the hours of darkness, work to extinguish forest fires and landscape (wildland) fires on the lands of the forest fund is carried out provided that artificial lighting ensuring safe conditions for performing the work is available, on the basis of the sole decision of the person in charge of extinguishing the forest fire. Work to extinguish a forest fire during the hours of darkness is carried out by groups of not less than 3 persons.
565. Workers performing fire extinguishing work during the hours of darkness are provided with individual and group equipment adapted for operations during the hours of darkness, as well as additional means of lighting, means of signalling and marking, and means of communication. PPE and elements of the individual equipment (helmet, rucksack or load-bearing system) shall provide enhanced visibility for rapid visual identification of the worker against the background of forest vegetation in conditions of limited visibility (smoke, twilight, poor lighting).
566. Work during the hours of darkness shall be organised so that the members of the group (team) arrive at the site of the forest fire-fighting work during daylight, have the opportunity to familiarise themselves with the terrain, determine in advance the withdrawal routes and the distinctive landmarks, and identify the most dangerous places.
567. Blasting operations to localise and eliminate forest fires during the hours of darkness shall be prohibited.
568. The performance of forest fire extinguishing work during the hours of darkness shall be prohibited: - at sectors of a forest fire located on old burnt areas, burnt woodland, or at areas with damaged and dying stands (windfalls, windbreaks, stands damaged by needle- and leaf-eating pests or by diseases), where there is a high risk of the falling of damaged trees and large branches; - at a sector of a forest fire located on outcrops of rock; - in narrow hollows, depressions, ravines and low points of the terrain, where there is a possible risk of accumulation of carbon monoxide; - in hilly or mountainous terrain where the work area is located above the edge of the fire on a slope with a gradient of more than 20° covered with fire-hazardous combustible material (coniferous young growth, shrubs and accumulations of other combustible materials); - at a sector of a forest fire located in hilly or mountainous terrain, where there is a risk of trees and stones falling and rolling onto workers, and also a risk of injury to workers when moving over rough terrain (the presence of gullies and precipices, significant gradients of the terrain and the probability of falling from a steep slope, the probability of rockfall); - at areas in marshy terrain; - where group or individual lighting devices are absent or defective.
569. The leader of the forest fire-fighting group may suspend the extinguishing of the fire during the hours of darkness: - when the horizontal visibility of objects (stable identification) deteriorates owing to the occurrence of fog or smoke at the place (area) of the forest fire-fighting group's work, when the visibility range is less than 50 m in lowland conditions and less than 100 m in mountainous conditions; - during a heavy downpour or a thunderstorm; - when the wind speed is more than 11 m/s in lowland conditions and more than 8.5 m/s in mountainous conditions; - when the wind speed is more than 15 m/s in open areas of the terrain, where there is a well-developed fire-hazardous ground cover of dry grass or shrub vegetation; - when the frequency of falling trees is more than twice within 30 minutes at the group's work area; - when a worker is injured or their well-being deteriorates (poisoning); - when a malfunction of group or individual lighting devices occurs in more than two members of the group; - when there is a danger of the workers being surrounded by a strong surface fire or a crown fire that prevents their exit (evacuation) from the hazardous zone; - when it is impossible to continue direct extinguishing of the fire edge with the available extinguishing means.
570. Aerial extinguishing of forest (wildland) fires is carried out with the direct interaction of the aircraft crew and the leader of the group (team) of the ground fire-fighting forces.
571. When ground fire-fighting forces are located at the edge of the fire, it shall be prohibited to carry out aerial extinguishing (dropping of fire-extinguishing solutions or water) from tanker aircraft and helicopters with water-discharge devices in the absence of radio communication between the aircraft crew and the group (team) of the ground fire-fighting forces.
572. Immediately before a drop of fire-extinguishing solution from the aircraft is carried out, on the basis of information from the crew, the leader of the ground group gives the workers the command to move away from the place of the intended drop to a safe distance of not less than 60 m from the drop line. The withdrawal of the workers is carried out perpendicular to the direction (line) of the drop.
573. After the drop has been made, the approach of workers to the edge of the fire for mopping-up is carried out after the complete settling of the water (fire-extinguishing solution) and the cessation of the swaying of the tree crowns caused by the impact of the mass of liquid during the drop.
574. Workers assigned to field forest-inventory work shall undergo a mandatory preliminary medical examination to establish their fitness for field work in the specific physico-geographical conditions.
575. Persons under 18 years of age shall not be permitted to perform field forest-inventory work carried out in mountainous, taiga, sub-tundra, desert and semi-desert areas.
576. The members of the expedition (party) and those travelling to inspect their work shall, before departure to areas infected with tick-borne encephalitis, malaria, tularaemia and other endemic infectious diseases, be given the appropriate vaccinations, and shall also be issued with PPE against harmful biological factors in accordance with its spectrum of protective action.
577. Expeditions (parties, forest-appraisal sections) setting out for field forest-inventory work are provided with the necessary expedition equipment, protective, security and signalling means, means of communication and PPE. In addition, the members of the expedition shall be provided with a compass, a schematic map of the work area, matches wrapped in a waterproof covering, and an emergency supply of food. When working in areas abounding in biting insects, the appropriate protective means shall be issued.
578. Work in high-mountain rocky areas is permitted to workers who have undergone the appropriate training and have been trained in the techniques of movement over rocks and scree, of ascending and descending mountain slopes, in the rules of mutual safeguarding and self-preservation, and in the use of mountaineering equipment. The workers shall be equipped with crampons, ropes and boots with tricouni nails.
579. Work teams (groups) setting out on long treks shall leave at the base location the route of the trek, information about the place of work and the expected times of return. In the event of a change of route, notes to this effect shall be left on the survey lines and rides. When working in sparsely populated areas, on going out into the forest each worker shall be issued with a diagram of the layout of the forest tracts indicating the main landmarks (the locations of rivers, huts, bases and populated areas).
580. Before the start of work, the necessary tools shall be inspected and their sound condition ensured: 1) the wooden handles of axes and saws shall be strong and smooth; 2) axes shall be firmly mounted on the helve, which shall have a thickening at the end for holding in the hands; the cheeks of the axes shall not have chips or cracks; 3) when saws and axes are carried over long distances, special covers or cases made of wood or birch bark shall be fitted over their sharp parts.
581. Compartment rides shall be cut (cleared) to a width of not less than 0.5 m, and survey lines to a width of 0.3 m. Small trees shall be felled level with the ground. Felled trees and small-diameter timber shall be brought down perpendicular to the survey line of the rides. It shall be prohibited to leave sharp stumps of felled small-diameter timber and protruding branches of deadfall, as well as trees, small-diameter timber and shrubs.
582. The branches of the nearest trees shall be cut off to a width and height that preclude catching on them when passing along the survey line. Deadfall obstructing the survey line shall be sawn out to the width of the survey line.
583. For pitching a camp, dry places sheltered from the wind shall be chosen. The selection of the camp base location is carried out taking into account the water-supply conditions and the possibilities of providing and using air, road or water transport.
584. The base location is determined by the head of the forest-inventory party or expedition and is marked on the diagram of the work area with a conventional symbol.
585. The site for pitching the camp is determined by the leader of the forest-appraisal group, taking into account the specific conditions.
586. In lowland conditions, a camp shall be pitched on elevated places (clearings) near sources of good-quality drinking water. Pitching a camp in the thick of the forest is not recommended. If it is necessary to locate the camp in the forest, dangerous (dry, hung-up) trees shall be felled within a radius of 50 m from it. The camp area is cleared of dead-standing and dangerous trees within a radius of twice their height.
587. In the tundra, it is recommended to pitch a camp on a dry river terrace, on the edge of the bedrock bank of a river or stream, and on watershed areas - on areas of dry or lichen tundra. In the steppe and desert, it is recommended to locate the camp on areas covered with vegetation that holds the sands, on the leeward side by a mound, in a depression between dunes, or in a gully. Near rivers and lakes, above-floodplain terraces and high sections of a gently sloping bank shall be chosen for the camp. In coastal-marine areas, the camp shall be located on high marine terraces situated outside the zone of action of the sea surf.
588. It shall be prohibited to locate the camp: 1) on the summit or ridge of a mountain, or at the foot of steep and precipitous slopes; 2) under or above overhanging ledges and snow cornices; 3) in places threatened by rockfall, landslide, avalanche or mudflow; 4) on the dried-up bed of a river, at the bottom of a gorge or gully; 5) near power transmission lines and on the terraces of a gas pipeline or petroleum-product pipeline; 6) on flooded islands, spits or low banks; 7) on sea coasts, in the tidal zone and in the immediate vicinity of it.
589. When a camp is located near a river, the magnitude of the possible rise of the water shall be taken into account. In areas abounding in biting insects (mosquitoes, blackflies, sandflies), it is recommended to choose an open site for the camp. The area of the camp shall be cleared of deadfall and tall dry grass. In doing so, fire clearing shall be prohibited. Burrows that may serve as a shelter for rodents and venomous snakes shall be filled in. The members of the forest-appraisal group shall be made familiar with the boundaries of the camp zone.
590. The point of water intake from the river for drinking purposes shall be no closer than 40 m from the camp, upstream. The places for the latrine and the refuse pit shall be no closer than 30 m from the tents and 50 m from the drinking-water intake, downstream of the river. When the camp is dismantled, the pits shall be filled in with earth.
591. The area for a campfire shall be located at a distance of not less than 15 m from trees and tents, cleared of combustible material, and dug around with a trench to the depth of the mineralised layer within a radius of not less than 1 m. The campfire shall be kept under constant supervision. Once no longer needed, the campfire shall be doused with water until smouldering has completely ceased, or covered with earth.
592. It shall be prohibited to light campfires: 1) in strong wind; 2) in areas overgrown with young coniferous growth; 3) in areas of deadwood forest and in peatlands.
593. Tent sites shall be cleared of brushwood and stones. Tents shall be securely fastened and dug around with a trench for water drainage. The distance between tents in the camp shall be not less than 3 m. In the absence of folding cots for rest, the floor in tents shall be insulated from the ground with poles of dry timber or with spruce and fir branches. Sleeping directly on the ground shall be prohibited.
594. During the cold season, tents shall be insulated and provided with heating appliances, which are positioned at a distance of not less than 10 m from one another. Pipes from the heating appliances shall be led out of the tents through side openings insulated from the tents with fire-resistant material, and shall be directed away from the tent fabric at a distance of not less than 1 m.
595. It shall be prohibited to make openings for pipes in the roof of a tent or to light an open fire in it. Where stoves need to be fired at night in a tent or other premises, a night stoker shall be assigned to the camp. It shall be prohibited to leave lit lanterns, candles or burning stoves in tents without constant supervision.
596. Highly flammable materials (petrol, kerosene) shall be stored in special containers and in a specially designated place.
597. Relocation of the camp to a new site shall be prohibited without prior notification of absent workers.
598. While the forest inventory workers are absent from the camp, the camp shall be guarded.
599. The field camp may be left with the permission of the person in charge of the work. Leaving the field camp alone shall be prohibited.
600. In the event of the disappearance (loss) of a worker, a search shall be started immediately under the direction of the senior official, with the incident reported to the expedition headquarters and the district organisations.
601. Work to measure, make and set station pegs is carried out only during daylight hours by a work team of not less than 2 workers, under the direction and control of an official appointed responsible for carrying out the work.
602. When moving between locations, the measuring tape shall be carried only in a coiled state, and the measuring pegs (pins) shall be carried in the hand, without hanging them on the belt.
603. The rear chainman shall be prohibited from holding the tape at the rear without first giving a verbal signal to the front chainman.
604. The dressing of station and distance-marker pegs is carried out only on a firm support. Station pegs shall be driven in with the side of the axe poll, with the axe blade kept turned away from oneself.
605. To approach a tree and measure its diameter, branches obstructing the work shall be cut off.
606. Posts shall be hewn on supports, having secured them with wooden wedges or clamps.
607. Before carrying posts to the installation site, the approach shall be cleared. When carrying posts, the axe and saw shall be brought separately. Heavy posts shall be rolled.
608. When surveying old abandoned workings, sinkholes and craters, descent into them may be permitted only in the presence of the person in charge of the work. Before descending into old workings, it shall be ensured that they are free of gas contamination.
609. Descent into shallow (up to 10 m) workings shall be carried out using a safety rope held on the surface by two or three workers. It shall be prohibited to use for descent wooden ladders, poles and timbering left in old workings.
610. When work is carried out at the foot of steep slopes, they shall be reinforced. It shall be prohibited to be present or to work at the base of vertical exposures or of slopes having a steepness greater than the natural angle.
611. Before workers descend into a prospecting pit (narrow shaft) after a break in work (days off, downtime), the person in charge of the work shall check the condition of the air environment in the working (for the presence of carbon dioxide, mine gas and other harmful and (or) hazardous gases) and shall verify the stability of the walls and the strength of the timbering. The tools and materials necessary for the work shall be kept in the workings. Throwing tools and materials into the workings while people are present in them shall be prohibited.
612. The area at the mouth of the working shall be regularly cleared of excavated soil, boulders, dirt and ice. Along the edges of the working, a berm clear of rock and not less than 0.5 m wide shall remain.
613. To prevent flooding of the workings during rain and snowmelt, drainage ditches are constructed around them. During a temporary stoppage of work, the mouth of the working shall be fenced off with a sturdy barrier not less than 1.1 m high, and in populated areas it shall be tightly covered with boards.
614. The driving of workings without timbering may be permitted only in dense, stable soils at a depth of not more than: prospecting pits up to 2 - 5 m, narrow shafts of a diameter not exceeding 1 m - up to 3 m. A working in permafrost soils in winter may be driven without timbering if the exposed soils remain frozen during the work. In the summer period, workings shall be timbered from the surface for not less than 4 m.
615. The following shall be prohibited: 1) driving workings without timbering in waterlogged sandy and sandy-loam soils; 2) making timbering from old or substandard timber.
616. When prospecting pits are driven by one pitman, his workplace shall have an area of not less than 0.8 m2, and by two - not less than 1.5 m2.
617. For lowering and raising people and loads in workings, steel and hemp ropes shall be used. Hemp ropes may be used in workings up to 20 m deep. The connection of the rope to the hoisting hook shall be secure. The hook for connection to the bucket shall have a safety device preventing the spontaneous slipping-off of the bucket's bail.
618. Hoisting by a manual windlass may be permitted in prospecting pits and narrow shafts up to 30 m deep.
619. Pumps installed on the surface shall be located at a distance of not less than 0.5 m from the mouth of the working.
620. After documentation has been drawn up for them and samples taken, workings shall be filled in with soil to their full depth. Dismantling the timbering may be permitted only under the direct supervision of the person in charge of the work.
621. During the elimination of workings, it shall be prohibited: 1) to throw tree cuttings, stumps, branches or brushwood into them; 2) to artificially collapse their walls; 3) to remove the timbering from a working in the case of stable, heavily-running soils and driven timbering.
622. The assembly, dismantling and repair of tripods used for drilling work may be carried out during daytime in the presence of the person in charge of the work. Carrying out the work in wind of more than force 5, during a thunderstorm, a downpour or in icy conditions shall be prohibited.
623. The manual raising of tripods up to 6 m high is carried out in the presence of the person in charge of the work. The raising shall be carried out by a work team of not less than 4 workers. Tripods more than 6 m high shall be raised using trestles or by the rope of a winch secured to anchors. Before raising a tripod, holes for the tripod's legs shall be dug not less than 0.3 m deep, sloping towards the direction of raising.
624. The legs of tripods shall be connected with special bolts (kingpins) having a closed shackle for suspending the pulley block. It shall be prohibited to suspend the pulley block directly from the bolt connecting the tripod.
625. For workers to climb to the working platform, steps shall be cut or gouged into one of the legs of the tripod.
626. When raising and lowering tools by hand at a borehole depth of more than 5 m, rod-holding forks (farshtuls) and support rollers shall be used to hold the rod.
627. In deep manual drilling, the winch shall have an anchor foundation and shall be fastened to beams tied to the frame of the derrick.
628. When drilling a railway bed or on public roads of national significance, the timing of the work and the procedure for fencing off the work site shall be agreed with the head of the station or of the operational section of the road.
629. Before the start of the work, drilling on navigable and timber-floating waterways from trestles and floating craft shall be agreed with the navigation inspectorate and the timber-floating organisation. The drilling sites shall be fenced off with navigation signal marks.
630. Before the start of drilling, trestles and floating craft shall be checked for load-bearing capacity and strength. The load-bearing capacity shall allow for a double margin of the mass of the drilling equipment, the people and the loads that arise during drilling.
631. Drilling rigs on water shall have railings, the gates of which shall be provided with life-saving equipment (rings, jackets) corresponding to the number of persons working on the rig, as well as with boat-hooks, ropes and poles. At each rig, a duty boat with oars shall be kept.
632. Floating drilling installations (rafts, pontoons, barges) shall be secured with anchors or guy lines at not less than three points, taking into account possible fluctuations in water levels. The securing shall preclude movement of the installation due to the water current and wind pressure.
633. Carrying out work from ice less than 30 cm thick, or from ice disturbed by spring thaw, shall be prohibited. Ice of less than the specified thickness shall be reinforced by building up further ice or by laying joists and constructing a decking. Constant monitoring of the condition of the ice shall be established during the work.
634. Drilling from ice closer than 50 m to the edge of a polynya, and also lighting a campfire or setting up a temporary stove on the ice, shall be prohibited.
635. Tripods, machines, engines, pumps and other heavy mechanisms shall be set up only on frames, deckings or joists.
636. During a thunderstorm, work and movement in the forest shall be suspended. Shelter shall be taken indoors, and in the absence of shelter, safety measures shall be taken: metal objects shall be placed at a distance of not less than 10 m from the place where the workers will wait out the thunderstorm.
637. When outdoors during a thunderstorm, a safe place shall be taken in a clearing, in an area of young growth, or between trees growing 20 m or more apart, and in mountains and hilly terrain - closer to the middle of the slope. In doing so, one shall position oneself on insulating material (dry deadfall, birch bark).
638. When a thunderstorm approaches, the antenna lead-in shall be taken out of the tent to the maximum possible distance and earthed.
639. During a thunderstorm, one shall sit in the tent away from the support posts and, where possible, on insulating means (inflatable rubber mattresses, life jackets, rubber boots, sleeping bags). Metal objects shall be removed from the tent.
640. During a thunderstorm, it shall be prohibited: 1) to be in motion; 2) to be on the tops of mountains, hills or at the edge of the forest; 3) to stop by streams, rivers or lakes; 4) to shelter under or lean against isolated trees, rocks or stones; 5) to stand near supports and under the wires of communication and power lines, near triangulation and other towers and marks.
641. The construction and repair of timber-haulage roads shall be carried out on the basis of approved work organisation designs developed in accordance with the requirements of the current regulatory legal acts and these Rules. Taking into account local conditions (the terrain, the characteristics of the soils, the mechanisms used), the employer organises the development of technological charts for the organisation of work on the construction or repair of a timber-haulage road, and a schedule plan, approved by the employer or another official authorised by the employer, in which the need for mechanisms and workers, the time limits for carrying out the work, the integrated mechanisation of the main production processes and the provision of safe and healthy working conditions during their performance are provided for.
642. Where power lines and underground utilities (electrical cables, gas pipelines) are located on the area being developed, earthworks may be carried out only after obtaining permission for such work and under the supervision of the organisations operating those power lines and utilities.
643. Before the start of road works, access roads shall be constructed allowing the free passage of vehicles to the facilities under construction. Sections and zones of the access roads that are dangerous for traffic shall be fenced off, or road signs (for drivers) and warning notices (for pedestrians), visible during daytime and at night, shall be posted at their boundaries.
644. The commissioning of new and reconstructed main timber-haulage roads, branches and spurs may be permitted only after their acceptance by a special commission.
645. The subgrade of timber-haulage roads is constructed by mechanised means using a set of earth-moving and road-construction machines selected in accordance with local conditions (the type of soil), the design of the subgrade, the volume of earthworks and the distance for moving the soil. Where volumes of work are small, or in conditions precluding the use of machines, earthworks may be carried out by hand.
646. On sections of timber-haulage roads with complex geological and hydrogeological conditions (with a risk of landslides, a high groundwater level), construction and repair shall be carried out under the supervision of the responsible technical manager. The slopes of cuttings shall be inspected periodically by technical personnel during the period of work. Where cracks along the upper edges, overhanging ledges of soil and other signs of possible collapse are detected, the soil shall be brought down, forestalling spontaneous collapse. Such sections shall be fenced off with road signs and safety signs.
647. When bulldozers are operated, in addition to complying with the operational safety requirements, it shall be necessary: 1) to move soil with the bulldozer on sections with gradients not exceeding those specified in the machine's operating manual; 2) not to turn the bulldozer with a loaded or embedded blade; 3) to discharge soil down a slope with the bulldozer's blade, without extending the blade beyond the edge of the embankment slope. Starting the bulldozer by rolling it down a gradient shall be prohibited.
648. It shall be prohibited to be between the tractor and the bulldozer blade, or under the tractor while the bulldozer's engine is running.
649. When the bulldozer stops, the blade shall be lowered to the ground. When the bulldozer is moved to another work site, the blade shall be raised into the transport position.
650. When working on rough terrain or travelling on a poor road, the bulldozer shall move in 1st or 2nd gear.
651. Cutting and picking up soil with scrapers may be carried out only on a straight section. Turning scrapers while filling the buckets shall not be permitted.
652. A loaded scraper on the approaches to embankments under construction shall move in 1st or 2nd gear.
653. Cleaning the scraper bucket of soil stuck to it may be carried out only when the machine's engine is not running.
654. It shall be prohibited to unload the scraper by moving it in reverse down a slope.
655. With all methods of cutting, soil shall be picked up with the scraper in 1st gear.
656. When a self-propelled scraper is operated, it shall be prohibited: 1) to leave the scraper unbraked, or with the engine running and no driver; 2) to leave the scraper on a downgrade or upgrade. In the event of a forced stop, the scraper shall be braked, the bucket lowered, the engine switched off, and chocks placed under the wheels.
657. During work, it shall be prohibited: 1) to be closer than 5 m to the operating machine; 2) to sit on the scraper or stand on its frame; 3) to be between the scraper and the tractor.
658. When a towed grader and a motor grader turn round at the end of the section being profiled, and also on sharp turns, their movement shall be carried out at the minimum speed. The turning radius of the motor grader shall be not less than 10 - 12 m, and of the towed grader - 9 - 10 m.
659. Levelling soil on freshly poured embankments more than 1.5 m high shall be carried out with particular care and under the supervision of a responsible person (a foreman, a team leader). The distance between the edge of the subgrade and the outer (in the direction of travel) wheels of the motor grader or tracks of the tractor shall be not less than 1 m.
660. The installation of the slope attachment and the extension, the moving of the blade to the side for cutting slopes, and also the repositioning of the blade, shall be performed by not less than two workers when the machine's engine is not running.
661. A towed grader on a rigid wheel undercarriage may be transported behind a tractor at a speed not exceeding 7 - 8 km/h, and on pneumatic tyres behind a lorry - at a speed of up to 20 km/h, depending on the type of road and its condition. Transporting the grader on tow without an operator shall be prohibited.
662. Operation of the elevating grader may be permitted with a rigid coupling by directly attaching the drawbar to the tractor's towing eye.
663. Changing the angles of engagement and cutting of the disc plough, and also the angle of inclination of the elevating grader's conveyor, may be done only after the machine has come to a complete stop.
664. When soil is loaded by the conveyor, it shall be switched off at the moment the vehicle's cab approaches the stream of soil.
665. When soil is loaded by the elevating grader, it shall be prohibited for workers to be in the body of the vehicle.
666. To maintain the stability of the elevating grader during operation and to prevent it from overturning, it shall be necessary: 1) to extend the right rear wheel to its full limit, so as to increase the reach of the conveyor; 2) to monitor the loading of the conveyor, regulating the change in the depth of the disc plough.
667. Transporting the elevating grader may be permitted subject to the following conditions: 1) the elevating grader's engine shall be switched off; 2) the tractor shall move in 1st or 2nd gear.
668. When transporting the elevating grader on a road with transverse gradients close to the maximum permissible, and also when turning during operation, the following measures against overturning shall be applied: 1) to set the minimum reach of the conveyor; 2) to extend the rear wheel to its limit; 3) to drive the tractor in 1st gear; 4) where necessary, for greater stability, to load the plough beam by placing additional weights on it.
669. Transporting the elevating grader on tow without an operator shall be prohibited.
670. When the excavator is operating, it shall be prohibited: 1) to change the reach of the boom when the bucket is full; 2) to pull up a load by means of the boom; 3) to carry out repair work and the adjustment of units; 4) to use ropes with wear exceeding the permissible; 5) to be under the excavator's bucket or boom; 6) to work from the side of the face; 7) to move the excavator's bucket over the cab of a vehicle; 8) for people to be in the danger zone of the excavator's operating radius plus 5 m. The danger zone shall be marked with safety signs.
671. The distance between the face and the excavator (except for the working element) in any of its positions shall be not less than 1 m.
672. Simultaneous operation of two excavators on benches located one above the other may be permitted only where the distance between the excavators along the work front is not less than 20 m.
673. During blasting operations, machines shall be moved to a safe distance.
674. During breaks in work, regardless of their cause and duration, the excavator boom shall be moved away from the face, and the bucket lowered to the ground. Cleaning of the bucket shall be carried out after it has been lowered to the ground.
675. In the event of a temporary cessation of work or during repair of the excavator, the latter shall be moved to a distance of not less than the boom's reach from the edge of an open cutting or trench.
676. Between self-propelled and towed rollers working on soil compaction, a safe distance (not less than 2 m) shall be maintained.
677. It shall be prohibited: 1) to compact soil with a towed roller of any type by moving the tractor backwards; 2) to uncouple a single-axle roller on pneumatic tyres before it is unloaded; 3) to lubricate by hand the rolls of self-propelled rollers used for rolling asphalt-concrete surfacings. Self-propelled rollers shall be equipped with a device for lubricating the rolls; 4) to compact soil with machines with tamping plates on transverse and longitudinal gradients exceeding 7°.
678. When compacting soils and road surfacings with vibrators, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) not to press the vibrators against the surface of the soil or surfacing by hand; 2) to switch off the vibrator of the compacting machine when it passes over a hard base; 3) to switch off the vibrator during breaks in work and when moving from one work site to another.
679. When dump trucks (hereinafter - dump trucks) are operated, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) the soil-loading area shall be levelled and visible from any point; 2) to place road signs at the entrance to and exit from the quarry; 3) a dump truck awaiting the loading of soil shall be located outside the operating radius of the excavator bucket and shall move into position for loading after the permitting signal of the excavator operator; 4) to load the dump truck from the side or the rear. Moving the bucket over the cab of the dump truck shall be prohibited; 5) during loading, it shall be prohibited for the driver to be in the cab of the dump truck, and for other persons to be between the earth-moving machine and the dump truck; 6) not to permit uneven and one-sided loading of soil, or loading exceeding the rated load capacity of the dump truck; 7) when unloading soil from the dump truck, the distance from the axle of the dump truck's rear wheel to the edge of the natural slope of the embankment shall be not less than 2 m; 8) to clean earth from the raised body of the dump truck with a scraper or a shovel with extended handles.
680. The unloading points of dump trucks on the embankment shall be marked with safety signs.
681. Working under the raised body of a dump truck may be permitted after the installation of standard props under the body. Working under the raised body of a dump truck without installing standard props shall be prohibited.
682. The work technology for stabilising soils, crushed stone and gravel with inorganic and organic binding materials shall provide for the mechanisation of the work and measures to prevent contact of workers with harmful and (or) hazardous substances.
683. Soil with chemical stabilising additives shall be mixed with road milling machines, soil-mixing machines and distributors of binding materials. Mixing with motor graders may be permitted.
684. Chemical products shall be mixed and dissolved in mixing units. Special pumps shall be used for pumping chemical liquids.
685. Quicklime and sodium silicofluoride shall be transported in cement tankers and loaded into the hoppers of mixing machines by pneumatic means (through special hoses) with sealing of the hopper necks.
686. When distributing bulk and liquid products over the road strip being treated and mixing them with the soil, the direction of the wind shall be taken into account. Machines shall move in such a way that operators, drivers and workers spend less time in the leeward zone containing dust and vapours of harmful substances.
687. Materials for the road pavement (crushed stone, gravel or sand) shall be distributed over the subgrade with a bulldozer, a motor grader or a special self-propelled paver, and fine crushed stone (screenings) - with a mounted or self-propelled spreader. In doing so, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) to bring up the dump truck in reverse when loading the hopper of the paver or of the fine crushed stone spreader, on the signal of the paver operator or the foreman; 2) not to approach the edge of the embankment closer than 1 m while the paver or spreader is operating; 3) not to adjust the thickness of the layer being distributed or laid while the machine is operating; 4) to carry out the work of pouring or removing excess crushed stone or gravel after the completion of the mechanised spreading and distribution of these materials on the given section, or when the machine is stopped.
688. When unloading the hopper of the asphalt paver and during its operation, it shall be prohibited to be near the side walls of the hopper, to avoid burns from the hot mix.
689. Tools used for finishing the asphalt-concrete surfacing made from hot mix shall be heated in a mobile brazier. Heating tools over campfires shall be prohibited.
690. Unloading asphalt-concrete mix stuck in the body of a dump truck may be done while standing on the ground, using a special scraper or a shovel with handles not less than 2 m long.
691. When several rollers are operating simultaneously, the distance between them shall be not less than 5 m.
692. When constructing black road pavement by the method of mixing, impregnation or surface treatment with liquid binding materials (bitumen, emulsion) using bitumen distributors, and also for priming the lower layer of the asphalt-concrete surfacing, it shall be necessary: 1) to check, before the start of work, the system of bitumen pipelines, valves and distributors, to test the pump, to inspect the nozzles of the distributors and clean them; 2) to check the presence and serviceability of fire extinguishers, electric lighting and the audible alarm; 3) to make sure, before leaving the base, of the secure fastening of the distribution pipes and the hand distributor; 4) to check, before igniting the burner, the secure connection of the fuel lines, the serviceability of the fuel supply and the pressure in the fuel tank, and also the absence of bitumen leakage; 5) to position the bitumen distributor on a horizontal area when filling the tank; 6) to check the pressure hose and the secure connection of it to the suction branch pipe, and also the filter in the intake pipe; 7) to fill the tank only through the filter at low and medium pump speeds. Pouring hot binding material into the tank when there is liquid in it shall be prohibited; 8) to supply fuel, when igniting the burner, at first in a weak stream, gradually increasing its supply to normal; the burner shall be ignited only with a torch (igniter) having a handle not less than 1.5 m long, positioned to the side of the burner; 9) before the start of pouring the binding material, to extinguish the burner and close the valves of the fuel supply pipeline. It shall be prohibited to leave the material-heating system in operation unattended.
693. When pouring bitumen from the distribution pipe, it shall be prohibited to be closer than 15 m to the pouring point. During breaks in work, the nozzle of the distribution pipe shall be lowered downwards.
694. When constructing temporary roads with a surfacing of reinforced-concrete slabs or wooden panels, the laying and dismantling of the wheel-track panels shall be carried out with slab-laying machines or jib-type mobile cranes.
695. When loading, unloading and laying slabs, the slab-laying machine or the mobile crane shall be braked; the mobile crane shall be set on outriggers and braked with the hand brake.
696. When loading, laying and dismantling slabs, the slab-laying machine or the mobile crane shall be braked.
697. When feeding slabs for laying, their movement shall be guided with boat-hooks or ropes not less than 4 m long, without allowing workers to be closer than 1 m to the slab.
698. Slabs or panels shall be laid according to the "away-from-oneself" scheme, moving along the track already laid.
699. The loading and delivery of soil for finishing work (filling the inter-track and track gaps with draining soil, the road shoulders, levelling and compacting the material) shall be carried out by mechanised means.
700. When constructing temporary roads (spurs) with a strip surfacing, a conveyor-layer shall be used, during the operation of which it shall be necessary: 1) to sling the strips or remove the slings, and also to join and separate the strips, only when the drum and the winch are braked; 2) to transport the loaded layer when the drum and the winch are braked; the hanging end of the strip surfacing shall be secured to the frame of the layer.
701. Movement of the road conveyor-layer may be permitted along prepared clearings. On the clearings, shrubbery, undergrowth, deadfall and large stones shall be removed; stumps and hummocks shall be cut level with the ground, pits filled in, and boggy areas covered with poles and branches.
702. Materials brought out to the line for road repair shall be stacked on the shoulder adjoining the side of the road being repaired.
703. When repair work is carried out across the entire width of the carriageway, diversions shall be arranged.
704. During repair work on one half of the width of the carriageway, vehicles may move along the other half.
705. The section under repair shall be marked with the warning road signs "Roadworks".
706. Pothole-repair sites on the carriageway shall be fenced off with portable stands bearing warning signs "Roadworks" fixed to them, placed at a distance of 5 - 10 m before and after the site being repaired.
707. When repairing machines equipped with boilers for heating bitumen and preparing asphalt-concrete mix, the worker shall stand to the side of the discharge opening during the unloading of the asphalt-concrete mix from the mixer.
708. When working with a jackhammer, it shall be necessary: 1) to ensure that the collar of the pick is always pressed against the bushing; 2) not to sink the pick into the road surfacing up to the stop of the end spring; 3) when levering off cut-out pieces of road surfacing with the pick, to stop the hammer by switching off the compressed-air supply.
709. When cutting out road surfacings with a sledgehammer, a chisel, wedges or an axe, an interval ensuring the safe performance of the work shall be maintained between workers.
710. When screening crushed stone, gravel and other materials, the screens shall be positioned on the leeward side away from workers, at such a distance that the dust generated does not reach the workers.
711. During repair work using mobile (manual) bitumen boilers and bitumen distributors, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) the boiler shall be positioned no closer than 50 m from the work site, taking into account the prevailing wind direction; 2) the boiler shall be loaded to no more than 3/4 of its volume; 3) the burner shall be extinguished immediately or the firewood doused with water if the bitumen foams and overflows the boiler lid; 4) the lid shall be tightly closed if the bitumen in the boiler ignites; 5) bitumen shall be drawn from the boiler by the pump of a towed bitumen distributor; 6) for minor pothole repairs, manual pouring of bitumen with ladles having a handle at least 1 m long may be used; 7) when pouring bitumen from the distribution hose, care shall be taken that no unauthorised persons are within the pouring zone; during a break in pouring, the nozzle of the distribution pipe shall be lowered to the ground.
712. Unloading the asphalt concrete mix from a dump truck may be carried out in the absence of workers in the unloading zone. When unloading the mix, workers shall stand to the side opposite to the tipping of the body.
713. Manual carrying of hot asphalt mix with scoops or shovels may be performed over a distance of no more than 8 m. Where hot mix needs to be delivered to the laying site over a distance of more than 8 m, wheelbarrows or stretchers shall be used.
714. When inspecting road sections, the worker shall walk along the verge facing the oncoming traffic and, where a stop is necessary, shall place in front of himself a red flag (by day) or a post with a lamp (by night).
715. Roads shall be cleared of snow drifts by mechanised means using snow ploughs. Where several snow ploughs operate simultaneously in the same direction, the distance between them shall be at least 15 m.
716. When clearing snow from the road with a rotary snow plough, the distance from the edge of its rear wheel to the edge of the ditch shall be at least 1 m. The following shall be prohibited: 1) being in the trench cut by the snow plough closer than 20 m to the operating machine; 2) being on the angle ploughs during snow clearing with angle ploughs attached to the machine.
717. With the onset of icy conditions, hazardous road sections shall be treated with anti-icing materials. Steep descents and ascents, small-radius curves, sections with poor visibility, intersections and other places where sudden braking is most frequently required are treated first.
718. Anti-icing materials shall be in a free-flowing state and shall be spread by mechanised means using sand spreaders. It shall be prohibited to spread these materials manually from the body of a moving vehicle (sand spreader).
719. The track superstructure shall, in terms of strength and stability, correspond to the technical specification of the rolling stock operated on the railway, and shall also ensure the movement of trains at the established speeds.
720. When operating the track-laying machine, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) the track panel shall be slung for lifting out and laying into the track at the middle of its length at predesignated points; 2) the movement of the panel being lifted out shall be guided only with inventory pike poles or hemp ropes, while remaining no closer than 1 m to the panel; 3) the signal for lifting out the panel shall be given after making sure that there are no people on the panel or at the place of its laying; 4) the suspended panel shall be aligned and joined while holding it by the rail head no closer than 40 cm from the joint and ensuring that hands and feet do not get under the sleepers.
721. When laying track with a construction and repair train: 1) movement shall be in first gear; 2) a brake shoe shall be placed at a distance of 1 m from the rail end of the last panel; 3) pike poles shall be used to guide the panel moving along the crane beam.
722. The following shall be prohibited: 1) being on the panel while it is moving along the crane beam; 2) being under a raised panel; 3) accompanying the panel while on the platform of the track-laying machine; 4) being at a distance closer than 10 m from the working rope at the moment of hauling the bundles; 5) being at a distance closer than 5 m from the track being dismantled during dismantling of the track with a track spike-puller; 6) leaving unattended a panel that is in a raised position.
723. When laying track manually, rails shall be carried with special tongs. Workers shall lift and lower the rail on the command of the senior person. The number of workers assigned to carry the rails shall be determined on the basis of the rail mass and the permissible load per person.
724. The path along which workers carrying sleepers and rails travel shall be even, cleared of scattered sleepers and tools, and, on the side of hazardous places (cliffs, ravines), fenced with handrails or rope.
725. The site of track repair work (hereinafter - track work) shall be fenced with stop and speed reduction signals.
726. It shall be prohibited to commence track work before the person in charge of the work receives the order of the train dispatcher confirming the closure of the section, and before the work site is fenced with signals.
727. When track work is carried out by two workers, they shall position themselves on the track so that they can see the approach of a train from different directions. When working on the track alone, the worker shall position himself facing the direction from which the train is expected to approach and shall watch for its approach. When a train approaches the site of the track work, the worker shall leave the track in good time onto the nearest verge of the roadbed or onto a wide inter-track space.
728. When carrying out track work, the following requirements shall be complied with: 1) when performing manual track alignment with a crowbar, the crowbar shall be inserted under the rail foot at an angle of at least 45° and to a depth of at least 20 cm; 2) the track shall be raised with a track lifter or track jack, set up without skewing on a solid base; 3) when replacing sleepers manually, sleeper tongs shall be used; 4) the alignment of the holes in the fishplates and rails shall be checked using a drift pin or a bolt; 5) when pulling out spikes with a spike crowbar, the end of the crowbar shall be pressed with the hand. Lying with the torso on the crowbar to create additional force shall be prohibited; 6) when "starting" a spike for driving, the spike shall be held strictly vertical. The spike shall first be secured with a light blow and then driven fully home; 7) if shortened rails are required when replacing rails, their ends shall be cut with a rail-cutting machine. Chopping of rails may be permitted in exceptional cases, with the notched rail being broken by a press; 8) when adjusting the gaps, special mechanical devices shall be used. Adjusting the rails by striking the fishplate shall be prohibited; 9) when installing and removing spring rail anchors, care shall be taken that there are no unauthorised persons near the track or on the verge.
729. During track work, constant care shall be taken to ensure that tools and materials are neatly stacked and do not impede a quick exit from the track when a train approaches.
730. It shall be prohibited to sit on the rails, the ends of sleepers, inside the rail track or on the inter-track space for rest during breaks in work. When encountering operating track machines, workers shall move away to a distance of at least 5 m, and when encountering a snow plough - at least 10 m.
731. When delivering materials and equipment for track work (rails, points), platforms and trolleys shall be equipped with special devices (crane beams, suspended tongs and grabs). Manual loading and unloading of rails (points) may be performed only during single rail replacement and shall be carried out along skids using ropes with special hooks. The ends of the skids resting on the ground shall be firmly secured and set at a gradient of no more than 1:3.
732. When loading and unloading rails, brake shoes shall be placed under the wheels of the wagons (platforms).
733. Sleepers and beams impregnated with antiseptics shall be carried manually with special devices (sleeper tongs).
734. Ballast shall be delivered to the site of track work in specially adapted wagons (hopper batchers, dump cars and self-loading platforms).
735. The track trolley shall be braked during the loading and unloading of materials. The stacking and securing of loads shall preclude the possibility of their spontaneous collapse. Sleepers shall be stacked on the trolley along the track. The middle of the loaded rails shall coincide with the middle of the trolley, and the ends of the rails shall be balanced.
736. The clearing of the track from snow shall be mechanised. Each logging railway shall be provided with the required number of snow ploughs depending on the length of the railways and the climatic conditions. On small track sections, manual snow clearing may be permitted, with the work area first being fenced with signal signs.
737. To allow safe passage of the snow plough, the track shall be prepared before the onset of winter. Before places that create obstacles to the passage of the snow plough in working position (bridges, level crossings, points), the appropriate signs shall be placed. The sign "Raise the blade and close the wings" is placed 30 m before the start of the obstacle on the right-hand side in the direction of travel, and the sign "Lower the blade and open the wings" 10 m after passing the obstacle.
738. To create safe conditions for movement along logging roads and for the passage of surface water through the roadbed, artificial structures are constructed.
739. On bridges 10 m long and more, two-sided footways 0.75 m wide with handrails shall be provided, as well as guard timbers at least 0.2 m high. The installation of handrails (irrespective of the length of the bridge) shall be mandatory where the height of the approach embankments is more than 3 m.
740. At each end of a bridge, overpass and culvert, where the embankment height is more than 2 m, one or two stairway descents along the slopes shall be provided.
741. When transporting loads along railway tracks laid on high trestles (more than 1.1 m), the trestles shall be fenced with handrails at least 1.1 m high with toe boards at the bottom, and in places where a passage is provided under the trestle, the handrails shall be protected over their full height with boards.
742. For the construction of small artificial structures, the construction work team shall be provided with the necessary equipment and devices (a pile-driver crane, a mobile power station, removable universal attachments for petrol-engine and electric-motor saws, and, when erecting artificial structures on a narrow-gauge railway - a construction and repair train).
743. Rammers for manual pile driving shall be provided with a sufficient number of handles: four for a rammer with a mass of up to 100 kg and six - for a mass exceeding 100 kg. The handles shall be smooth, have an oval cross-section and be arranged evenly around the perimeter of the rammer, with sufficient clearance to avoid injury to the fingers of the workers.
744. When driving piles from scaffolding, its stability and strength shall be checked.
745. When driving piles with a windlass or a winch, the windlass or winch shall be secured in place, and the winch shall have a functioning ratchet mechanism with a spring and a band brake.
746. When replacing a rotted part of the piles of a bridge support post, the following requirements shall be fulfilled: 1) traffic over the bridge shall be closed. In exceptional cases, traffic may be permitted where there is technical justification and where additional safety measures are provided, with the passengers disembarked; 2) the pile or post being repaired shall be relieved of loads; 3) before removing the transverse and longitudinal horizontal ties of the support, temporary ties, bracing and fastenings shall be installed to ensure reliable stability of the support after the transverse and longitudinal horizontal ties are removed.
747. Artificial structures shall be prepared in good time for the passage of ice and high water.
748. The carriage of workers on log trucks, forklift trucks, tractor units, lorries, tractors, dump trucks, on freight trailers (semi-trailers), and in towed vehicles may be permitted only in the cabs.
749. Travel in the body of a vehicle not equipped for the carriage of workers may be permitted only to persons accompanying the load or travelling to receive it, provided that they are furnished with seats located below the level of the sides.
750. Workers may be carried along logging railways in passenger wagons. The placing of passenger wagons in a train for release onto the line may be permitted only after their technical condition has been checked. The head of the railway shall check the technical condition of the wagons at least once a month. Where a journey exceeds 70 km, additional wagon technical inspection points shall be organised along the route.
751. The following shall be prohibited: 1) carrying workers in unequipped covered wagons, on coupling units, platforms, in both loaded and empty trains, on steam locomotives and on the platforms of motor locomotives; 2) placing freight wagons in passenger trains, and coupling passenger wagons to a train loaded with tree lengths or trees.
752. At temporary points for boarding workers, the areas shall be cleared of logs, branches and stumps, and in winter of ice.
753. The following shall be prohibited: 1) dispatching the next passenger train before the previous train arrives at a separation point; 2) dispatching other trains after passenger trains before the latter arrive at the next separation point; 3) running passenger trains wagons-first, with the use of pushing locomotives; 4) movement of wagons carrying workers down a gradient without a locomotive (self-descent); 5) movement of passenger trains on branch lines and spurs with gradients of more than 40 per cent.
754. In wagons intended for the carriage of workers, instructions on the conduct and responsibility of workers when travelling in the wagons of passenger trains shall be posted in a prominent place.
755. When carrying workers along a waterway, the following shall be prohibited: 1) performing towing and technological operations with a timber-rafting vessel assigned to the carriage of workers; 2) carrying loads; 3) drifting with the engine switched off.
756. The crossing of workers over rivers, lakes and other water obstacles shall be carried out on special self-propelled vessels or on boats and ferries equipped for this purpose. For crossing rivers, places with a quiet, calm current, cleared of sunken logs and other obstacles, shall be chosen.
757. A permanent water crossing for workers is organised at designated places equipped with special berths for this purpose. The crossing of workers on rivers 200 m wide and more shall be carried out on motor boats additionally equipped with sweep oars. On rivers less than 200 m wide, a boat propelled by oars may be used for crossing workers.
758. At crossings using boats with motor and oar propulsion, a boatman on duty shall be present. The boats shall have a safety lifeline, life jackets in the number of workers specified in the carrying capacity of the boat, a rescue line, a spare oar, a scoop for bailing out water, a lamp, a pike pole and a pole with a metal tip (for mountain rivers).
759. The maximum permissible number of workers at different draughts of the boat shall be marked with figures above the waterline. Rowing and motor boats may be loaded so that the height of the freeboard at its lowest part is at least 20 cm in calm conditions and light wind. Where there are waves on the water surface, the loading limit of the boat shall be reduced so that the height of the freeboard is at least 40 cm.
760. The following shall be prohibited: 1) overloading of boats; 2) crossing on sections of rivers with a cluttered channel, during heavy movement of loose-floated timber, slush ice or ice, wind speed above 8.5 m/s and dense fog (with visibility less than 25 m).
761. During the hours of darkness, the berthing points shall be lit.
762. When carrying people by any mode of transport, the carriage of fuel and lubricant, explosive, poisonous, radioactive and other hazardous goods in the passenger compartment of the vehicle shall be prohibited. The carriage of tools together with workers may be permitted, with the tools placed in a closed space of the vehicle specially designated for this purpose.
763. For the delivery of workers to the workplace by aircraft or by water transport, the employer shall, by order, appoint persons responsible for organising the carriage of workers.
764. The route of the ice crossing shall be chosen taking into account the absence of ice build-ups, large stones in the channel, ice hummocks and other half-sunken and frozen-in objects, and shall be laid along the places of greatest depth, taking into account the presence of hazardous sections. When laying the route, reliable joining of the ice with the bank shall be ensured, along with uniformity of the thickness of the ice cover, and open-water patches and thawed spots shall be avoided.
765. For an ice crossing, a section with low, gently sloping banks and a river current speed of up to 1 m/s shall be chosen. The gradient of the ramp shall not exceed 60 per cent. The crossings are constructed in a straight line, perpendicular to the river in plan or at an angle of at least 45°. To strengthen the edge of the ice and reduce the gradients of the ramps near the banks, decking made of long firewood, log footbridges or trestles shall be provided.
766. The movement of workers and transport over the ice may be carried out after preliminary reconnaissance of the ice cover and determination of its load-bearing capacity.
767. The ice shall have a conchoidal structure. When a needle-like structure forms, movement over the ice shall be prohibited. In the spring period, the permissible thickness of the ice for the movement of workers and horse-drawn transport shall be increased by a factor of 2.
768. To accelerate the building-up of the required layer of ice, the crossing strip 20 - 25 m wide shall be cleared of snow. Where the ice thickness is insufficient, the ice cover shall be reinforced by artificial ice accretion or by laying a wooden deck. The thickness of the layer of accreted ice shall not exceed 2/3 of the thickness of the natural ice cover. Each centimetre of the porous ice layer formed by accretion is equated to 0.5 cm of natural dense ice.
769. Ice accretion work shall be carried out using motor pumps, sprinkler units and other mechanised means.
770. When determining the thickness of the ice and studying the surface of the ice cover, the following precautionary measures shall be observed: 1) reconnaissance of the ice cover and selection of the route of the ice crossing shall be carried out by a group consisting of at least 2 persons; 2) movement over the ice shall be carried out in a chain at a distance of at least 5 m from one another; 3) the first and last members of the group shall be tied with a common safety rope which those walking between them hold on to; 4) the person walking in front shall move on skis, testing the strength of the ice; the ski bindings shall ensure their quick removal. The members of the group shall be provided with: skis, an ice chisel, a crowbar or axe, an ice gauge, and rescue equipment (life jackets, poles, safety ropes).
771. On ice crossings, single-track movement shall be organised. For the oncoming flow of traffic, another ice crossing is constructed at a distance of at least 150 m. The smallest distance between single moving vehicles and tractors with a mass of up to 15 t shall be at least 50 m, and with a mass of more than 15 t - at least 100 m. The speed of movement over the crossings shall not exceed 15 km/h. Owing to the ability of ice to flow, stopping on the crossing shall be prohibited.
772. To protect the surface of the ice from wear and to eliminate the slipping of vehicles, a snow cover of up to 3 cm for dense snow and up to 5 cm for loose snow shall be maintained on the ice crossing.
773. During the operation of the ice crossing, the thickness of the ice, the air temperature and the thickness of the snow cover shall be measured daily, and the structure of the ice shall be determined. The holes for measuring the ice thickness shall be located at a distance of 15 - 20 m from one another.
774. Where an open-water patch forms near the route of the ice crossing, the ice thickness shall be measured every 2 - 3 m along the shortest distance from the open-water patch to the edge of the route. The distance from the axis of the route to the end of the ice having the thickness normal for the crossing shall be at least 30 thicknesses of normal ice.
775. During the upkeep and maintenance of ice crossings, unevenness is eliminated (humps are chipped off and potholes and ruts are filled in, excess snow is removed, ramps are systematically sprinkled with sand), and the condition of the ice is monitored. Open-water patches, cracks and other hazardous places on the ice are marked with stakes or posts. Cracks up to 10 cm wide that do not extend through the entire thickness of the ice are packed with snow and doused with water. Where through-cracks more than 10 cm wide form, movement across the ice crossing shall be stopped.
776. The condition of the route shall be monitored with particular care during winter thaws and in spring when meltwater and rutting appear on the ice surface, since 3 days after the appearance of meltwater a needle-like ice structure may form.
777. To ensure the safety of movement over the ice crossing, the boundaries of the route shall be marked with stakes at a distance of 5 m on both sides of the axis every 15 - 20 m. In addition, appropriate restrictive signs (of load capacity, speed of movement) and barriers before the descent onto the crossing shall be installed. The crossing shall be equipped with rescue equipment.
778. The types of work involving the processing of timber shall be carried out in accordance with regulations (instructions, process charts) approved by the employer or by other officials authorised by the employer, in which measures shall be provided to prevent the exposure of workers to harmful and (or) hazardous production factors.
779. The production processes of moving raw materials and products, of feeding timber, tree lengths, logs, beams, blocks, billets, wood boards, plywood and large-sized glued structures into processing, of preparing working solutions, the loading and unloading of materials into impregnation tanks, and the opening and closing of tanks shall be mechanised.
780. Production processes and operations involving the use or release of toxic, irritant and highly flammable substances shall be carried out in separate rooms or in special isolated areas of production premises provided with means of individual and collective protection of workers and with fire protection means.
781. The processing of raw materials and materials shall be carried out on process equipment intended for this purpose in accordance with the requirements of the technical (operational) documentation of the manufacturer organisation.
782. Changes to the production process, the replacement or rearrangement of process equipment, changes to the design of process equipment or to the electrical circuit of the equipment shall be documented by an act approved by the technical manager of the business entity.
783. The length of materials being processed on circular saw machines with mechanical feed shall exceed the distance between the front and rear feed rollers by at least 100 mm.
784. Circular saw machines with manual feed for processing materials less than 400 mm long and less than 30 mm wide shall be fitted with special devices or a carriage for holding and pressing the material.
785. The passages in front of and behind the debarking machine shall have guards on both sides of the flow, interlocked with the starting devices of the machine and of the feed and receiving conveyors.
786. The workplace of the debarking machine operator shall provide maximum visibility of the debarking process. Mirrors may be used to observe the movement of the material being processed.
787. During debarking, workers shall not be in the hazardous 19-metre zone in front of and behind the debarking machine.
788. Assembly conveyors for transporting bark located in basement rooms and outfeed conveyors in galleries shall be equipped with an alarm system notifying of their activation.
789. In the galleries along the conveyors for transporting bark, there shall be walkways and ladders for passage and safe servicing of the conveyors.
790. During repair and adjustment of the debarking machine and replacement of the bark-removing tools, the openings in the floor for removing bark shall be closed with panels.
791. During manual debarking, the workplace shall be equipped with special trestles, tables and other devices holding the material being processed. The distance between the workplaces of the debarkers shall be at least 2 m. Debarking with axes shall be prohibited.
792. Sorting pools for logs, along their perimeter, and the walkways above the water surface shall be fenced with handrails at least 1.1 m high. In the zone where sorting work is carried out, along the edges of the working walkways, instead of handrails, the provision of kerbs at least 0.15 m high may be permitted.
793. At the places where logs are dropped into the pool, the working walkways shall be equipped with solid walls to prevent water splashes from reaching the workers and the decking.
794. When feeding logs into the pool with forklift trucks, log stackers or cranes, being in the operating zone of the machines shall be prohibited.
795. At the pool, there shall be a rescue post equipped with a lifebuoy, a rescue line and a search grapnel.
796. For unloading logs from the log bins of sorting conveyors and forming stacks of logs of the operational reserve, materials handling machines that do not require workers to be in the hazardous work zone (log stackers, stacker loaders, grapple log loaders, cranes with a grab) shall be used.
797. Adjustment of logs on the turning and separating devices shall be carried out with the aid of manipulators. The presence of workers in the operating zone of the manipulators shall be prohibited.
798. Repair of equipment located under water in tanks and other tank structures shall be carried out only after the structures have been drained of water.
799. When controlling the head sawmilling equipment from a console, the zone of movement of the carriages, the pre-machine conveyors and the feed devices shall be fenced. The entrance doors to the movement zone shall be interlocked with the starting device of the head equipment.
800. The zone where the electrical cabinets and the drives of the cutting units of the log unit-processing line are located shall be fenced with a mesh barrier. The doors for entering the location zone shall be interlocked with the starting device of the line.
801. The workplace of the sawyer of the second row of frames, in the absence of a cabin, shall have a guard (screen, mesh) on the side of the sawmill frame of the first row for protection against flying wood particles.
802. The openings at the lath separators behind the edging machines shall have a solid wall of a height exceeding the level of the rollers of the lath separator by 0.2 m.
803. Conveyors feeding raw material shall be fenced with a solid barrier at least 0.5 m high on the side of the ejector.
804. When sawing logs on a sawmill frame, a device for holding boards and slabs shall be used.
805. Straightening and aligning boards on the conveyors at the frames and in front of the edging machines while the conveyor is running shall be prohibited.
806. The zone behind a circular saw machine with climb cutting shall be fenced to exclude access to it by workers while the machine is running.
807. Workers servicing the head sawmilling equipment, when outside the cabin (console), shall use head personal protective equipment.
808. During repair and servicing of the sawmill frame and the frame carriages, and also during cleaning of the work zone near the sawmill frame, there shall be no logs or other objects on the feed conveyor.
809. Workers shall be provided with auxiliary tools and devices: 1) for moving and adjusting logs, beams, boards and slabs on the near-frame mechanisms; 2) for removing blockages from the saw set; 3) for guiding the log or beam being sawn into the guide knives; 4) for cleaning the workplace.
810. Work on unpacking, weighing and mixing preparations for the antiseptic treatment of sawn timber shall be carried out in a separate room equipped with general supply-and-exhaust ventilation and local exhaust ventilation, as well as with collectors for the components of the antiseptic being removed.
811. The area near the impregnation bath containing the antiseptic solution shall be even and non-slip, and shall have a gradient (of up to 3 per cent) for the drainage of excess solution with its return to the bath. The bath shall have a guard preventing workers and vehicles from falling into it.
812. In the event of leakage of the antiseptic solution through the joints when the pressure in the autoclave rises, the pressure shall be reduced to atmospheric, and only after that may additional tightening of the nuts on the bolted connections of the flanges, gate valves and valves be carried out. Being near the autoclave on the side of the lid shall be prohibited.
813. Impregnation baths and autoclaves installed indoors shall be equipped with local ventilation devices that switch on automatically when the lids are opened.
814. Entry into the autoclave for servicing and repair may be permitted after ventilation, with the equipment fully switched off and under the supervision of the operator of the impregnation unit.
815. The rolling-in and rolling-out of timber into and out of the autoclave shall be mechanised.
816. When loading antiseptic preparations into the reactor at an open site, the worker shall stand on the windward side.
817. To prepare the antiseptic solution, the reactor shall be half-filled with water, and then, after the mixer has been started, the preparations shall be poured into it. After preparation, the antiseptic solution shall be delivered to the impregnation bath through a pipeline. Preparation of the antiseptic solution directly in the impregnation bath shall be prohibited.
818. When performing the operation of immersing and lifting timber out of the antiseptic solution, workers shall be no closer than 2 m from the impregnation bath.
819. After the bundle of timber has been removed from the impregnation bath, it shall be held above the bath to allow the antiseptic solution to drain off.
820. For washing and steaming containers that have held harmful substances, special places equipped with exhaust ventilation shall be set aside.
821. In the zone where boards arrive at the sorting area, the passage of workers between the feed belt conveyor and the discharge shelf shall be prohibited. The distance between the feed conveyor and the shelf shall be no more than 200 mm.
822. At the end of the discharge shelf, there shall be a barrier at least 0.5 m high, limiting the movement of the board beyond the shelf.
823. Light-and-sound signalling shall be installed at the sorting area.
824. Openings for lowering boards from the upper floors of the sorting platform shall be fenced with railings on the board-feed side and with a solid wall on the remaining sides. To prevent boards from crossing over and to reduce noise, concave chutes, swinging shields, shock absorbers and anti-noise linings shall be used.
825. The idle branches of the chains of the upper conveyors running beneath the ceiling of the first floor of the sorting platform shall be enclosed in troughs. While the units are operating on the first floor, the presence of workers beneath the drives and the idle branches of the conveyors shall not be permitted.
826. The height of the rejection table of the sorting platform at which the sawn-timber sorters (chain graders) work shall be such that the distance from the boards moved on the chains to the lowest building structure is not less than 2 m.
827. To enable boards to be removed from the conveyor chains and transferred to the packet-forming area, non-driven rollers shall be installed on the edge of the tables and on the barrier.
828. The gaps between the sides of adjacent packets formed near the sorting platform shall be not less than 0.7 m.
829. When a log-carrier truck drives onto a packet, no worker shall be near the packet. Adjusting the boards or the supports (blocks) of packets located within the portal of the log-carrier truck shall be prohibited.
830. To ensure the stability of a solid packet of sawn timber, there shall be not less than three spacers of equal thickness at every 300 - 400 mm of its height.
831. In winter, the area around the sorting platform where sawn-timber packets are formed shall be cleared of snow. Lifting-and-transport vehicles (log-carrier trucks, forklift trucks) shall have unobstructed access to the packets.
832. On semi-automatic sorting platforms, the first-floor space in the area where the drives are located shall be fenced with a mesh barrier, and the entrance doors shall be interlocked with the starting devices of the drives.
833. The control panel of a semi-automatic sorting platform shall be placed in a sound-insulating cabin. Workers operating the sorting platform shall use hearing personal protective equipment. Where packets are formed manually in pockets, each pocket shall have a board accumulator preventing the boards from falling of their own accord. The dismantling of boards in the pockets where no accumulators are provided is permitted only when the conveyor and the hoist are stopped.
834. Being on the assembly conveyors of length-sorting units when there are boards in the accumulators shall be prohibited. The conveyor area shall be fenced.
835. The passage in the gap between the inclined rollers of the conveyor at the section for forming a solid packet of the board length-sorting unit shall have guards interlocked with the starting device of the conveyor.
836. The steel band for strapping packets shall be held in a roll on rotating cassettes or reels.
837. The operator's workstation when trimming the ends of boards shall be not closer than 0.7 m to the saw.
838. The manual marking of boards and packets located on conveyors, roller rails and trolleys shall be prohibited.
839. The height of a drying packet of sawn timber (hereinafter - the packet) formed manually shall not exceed 1.5 m. To make passage easier and to ensure the safety of the workers, supports and stops shall be used. The forming of packets on the carriageway of a road shall be prohibited.
840. Packets fed to the packet-forming machine shall be placed on the receiving platform or conveyor so that their stable position on the hoist is ensured.
841. The removal from the space between the chains of the inclined conveyor of spacers that have become stuck during the dismantling of a packet on the hoist, and the adjustment of boards on the chains and rollers of the machine, are permitted after it has come to a complete stop.
842. The forming of a packet on track trolleys is permitted after they have been secured on the rails with braking devices.
843. The area beneath the packet-forming machine and the lift shall be fenced. The presence of workers beneath the machine while it is operating shall be prohibited.
844. When packets are being transported or placed one on top of another, workers shall remain in a safe area - not closer than 6 m from the lifting-and-transport vehicle.
845. When forming stacks of sawn timber for air drying, the foundation and the structure of the stacks shall ensure the safe storage of the sawn timber. The stacks shall not have any inclination or skew and shall not collapse under the action of their own weight and of the wind.
846. To prevent the outer boards from falling, packets of sawn timber shall have transverse spacers of equal thickness positioned over their height at intervals of not less than 300 - 400 mm (depending on the width of the boards).
847. Packets of sawn timber shall be brought up to the stack-forming site evenly so as not to obstruct the carriageways of the storage yards. A part of the road not less than 4 m wide shall be kept clear for the passage of road vehicles.
848. Packets of sawn timber shall be placed on two spacers (blocks) with flat bearing surfaces to prevent them from shifting, moving or overturning.
849. Packets of sawn timber placed in a stack shall be of equal height. The width of the packets in a vertical row shall likewise be equal. The difference in the length of the packets shall not exceed 20 per cent of their average length.
850. Between the individual packets of sawn timber in each horizontal row of the stack there shall be a distance of not less than 250 mm.
851. The height of stacks of sawn timber placed by forklift trucks shall not exceed 7 m, and by cranes - 12 m.
852. Each completed vertical row of packets of sawn timber shall be covered with a removable roof using a forklift truck or a crane. The forming of a roof from boards by hand on an individual vertical row of packets shall be prohibited.
853. Simultaneous work on forming or dismantling stacks is permitted on packet stacks located not less than 30 m apart from one another.
854. When lifting solid packets with a forklift truck or a crane fitted with a fork grab to form ordinary stacks, clamps, brackets and temporary strappings shall be used to prevent the outer boards from falling. The forming of stacks from solid unstrapped packets of sawn timber shall be prohibited.
855. Cranes used for placing and dismantling stacks of sawn timber shall be equipped with portal or fork grabs or other devices that hold the packets during their movement and reduce to a minimum the manual labour involved in slinging.
856. The distance from the crane tracks to the stacks of sawn timber being formed shall be not less than 2 m. The operating area of the cranes shall be marked with safety signs. The stacking of sawn timber between the rails of tower cranes shall be prohibited.
857. The placing and removal of packets wrapped in protective paper or film shall be carried out using portal or fork grabs. Being on stacks made of wrapped packets shall be prohibited.
858. The areas and walkways at the places where lifting mechanisms operate shall be kept clean and, in winter, sprinkled with anti-slip material.
859. For workers to climb up and down when forming and dismantling stacks, leaning ladders shall be used.
860. The loading, unloading, movement and stopping of stacks of sawn timber in the drying chambers shall be mechanised. The presence of workers in the drying chambers during their loading and during the drying of the sawn timber shall be prohibited.
861. Entry into the drying chamber to take samples and to carry out a preventive inspection is permitted only when the fans are switched off and the air temperature inside the chamber is not above 40°.
862. The correctness of the stacking before drying shall be checked with a clearance-gauge template installed on the rail tracks.
863. Stacks may be moved at a speed of not more than 1.2 m/s and without jolts.
864. The condition of the rail tracks and the roller rails shall be checked continuously. Sagging and distortion of the rails shall be eliminated, and non-rotating rollers shall be replaced. The gap between the rails of the transfer trolley and the tracks shall be not more than 10 mm.
865. The transfer trolley shall have stops to hold the under-stack trolleys and also catches for the precise alignment of the rails.
866. The connection of the power supply to the transfer trolley shall ensure the safety of the operating personnel and shall exclude the power-supply cable getting under the wheels of the trolley or the cable breaking as it moves.
867. Limit stops shall be installed at the ends of the rail tracks of the transfer trolley. The distance from the limit stops to the wall (column) of the building shall be not less than 1 m.
868. The room in which the operator's workstation and the control panels of the drying chamber are located shall be equipped with an air conditioner.
869. Drying chambers shall have safe low-voltage lighting with a switch installed on the outside.
870. During the cold season, ice that has formed on the roof of the chambers in front of the gates shall be removed in good time to prevent it from falling from the chamber roofs and to allow the gates to close properly.
871. The doors in the gates of the drying chamber shall be fitted with latches that open both from the outside and from the inside of the chamber.
872. The dampers of the flues of gas-fired drying chambers shall have devices allowing them to be closed from the floor and guard devices preventing the dampers from coming out of their seats. The counterweights of the flue dampers of the chambers shall be guarded.
873. Being on the vaults of the firebox of a gas-fired drying chamber and storing materials and equipment near the firebox shall be prohibited.
874. The ash room of a gas-fired drying chamber shall be equipped with ventilation and with doors that open outwards.
875. The firebox of a gas-fired drying chamber shall be cleaned of ash after the fuel has burnt out and with the fan stopped. The removal of ash from the ash room shall be mechanised.
876. When opening the doors of a gas-fired drying chamber, the fan shall be switched off. Entry into the chamber is permitted after it has been ventilated.
877. Before switching on a machine for the mechanical working of wood, the worker shall make sure that the cutting tool is in good order and that the machine is equipped with protective devices that, during operation, exclude: 1) the worker coming into contact with the moving parts and the cutting tool; 2) the ejection of the cutting tool or its parts; 3) the throwing by the cutting tool of the workpieces being processed and of waste; 4) the possibility of the moving parts of the machine (carriages, slides, trolleys, frames, tables, saddles) going beyond the set limits.
878. Before starting work on multi-saw machines, it shall be ensured that: 1) the saws mounted on one shaft have the same diameter, thickness, tooth profile, set, swaging and brazing. Saws with diameters differing by not more than 5 mm may be installed; 2) the anti-kickback fingers are in good order: the stops of the anti-kickback fingers shall rise under the action of the material fed into the machine and drop back to their initial position.
879. Before starting work on a circular-saw machine, the direction of rotation of the saw shall be checked by briefly switching it on: the saw blade shall rotate towards the material being fed.
880. On circular-saw machines with manual feeding of the material being processed, hand devices (push sticks) shall be used that exclude any possibility of the worker's hands or other parts of the body coming into contact with the cutting tool. Material less than 400 mm in length, less than 30 mm in width or less than 30 mm in thickness shall be sawn with the aid of special devices.
881. On circular-saw machines with mechanical feeding of the material being processed, it is permitted to process workpieces of a set thickness, the height of which is limited by the clamping device.
882. When working on a circular-saw machine, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) begin sawing the material only at a steady speed of rotation of the saw blade (determined by the sound characteristic of the saw at the full engine speed); 2) feed the sawn timber onto the cutting tool smoothly, without jerks, avoiding blows against the wood; 3) move the sawn timber (boards, slabwood) onto the workbench with a hook only. Taking a board by the end with the hands shall be prohibited; 4) make sure that the length of the material being processed is greater than the distance between the axes of the front and rear feed rollers, of the blades, by not less than 100 mm; 5) remove offcuts stuck in the slot and clear away sawn offcuts only when the saw has come to a complete stop, with the aid of a special hook; 6) remove the foot from the pedal immediately after trimming. Keeping the foot on the pedal while stacking and moving sawn timber shall be prohibited; 7) carry out inspection, cleaning, adjustment and lubrication of the machine and fixing of the guards only when the cutting tool has come to a complete stop.
883. When working on a circular-saw machine, it shall be prohibited to: 1) brake the saw by pressing any object against the surface of the blade or the teeth; 2) stand in the plane of the working saw within the zone of possible ejection of the material being processed; 3) look into or put the hands under the guards of the saw blade when offcuts get into the slot, before it has come to a complete stop; 4) saw several boards or slabs at the same time without a special device holding them against the guide fence and the table; 5) stand opposite the end of a beam when feeding it into the machine; 6) adjust a beam after it has been gripped by the feed rolls; 7) process iced-up boards in the machine; 8) open or remove the guards.
884. Before starting work on thicknessing machines and four-sided planing machines, an external inspection of the machine shall be carried out and the good order shall be verified of: 1) the fluted roller (no cracks, worn surface or crumbled ribs); 2) the safety stops and the additional fingers at the front edge of the table (when these devices are switched off, the feed drive in the direction of processing the material shall switch off automatically); 3) the limiter of the maximum cross-section of the material in front of the feeding devices; 4) the operation of the pneumatic conveying system; 5) the braking and earthing devices and the interlock of the feed mechanism with the cutter block of the machine. It shall also be necessary to: check the firmness of the fastening of the knives and chip breakers. The blades of the knives shall not project beyond the edge of the chip breakers by more than 1.5 mm and shall describe a circle of one radius; make sure that the cutter block is of cylindrical shape, balanced and does not "run out" in the bearings; make sure that the starting devices are in good order by briefly switching on the machine, and that the cutter block rotates towards the movement of the material being processed.
885. When working on thicknessing machines and four-sided planing machines, the following requirements shall be met: 1) feed the parts into the feed rolls without jerks, end to end. When doing so, keeping the hands on the end of a part and bringing them close to the rolls shall be prohibited; 2) make sure that the thickness of the parts being planed is the same and that the smallest length is 100 mm greater than the distance between the feed rolls; 3) process parts more than 2 m long with the aid of auxiliary tables with rollers installed in front of and behind the machine; 4) if a part "jams" in the rolls, stop the machine and, after the cutter block has come to a complete stop, remove the part.
886. When working on thicknessing machines and four-sided planing machines, it shall be prohibited to: 1) work wearing mittens. Special palm guards shall be used for protection; 2) remove shavings more than 2 mm thick in a single pass; 3) process frozen wood or wood with large cracks.
887. Before starting work on milling machines, an external inspection of the machine shall be carried out and verification shall be made: 1) of the firmness of the fastening of the cutters, knives and cutter heads; 2) of the good order of the braking devices; 3) of the secure fastening of the guide fence and the presence of devices that hold the part being processed against the table and the fence (springs, combs); 4) of the good order of the automatically operating guard of the cutter and of the devices for processing parts; 5) of the good order of the starting devices, by briefly switching on the machine.
888. When working on milling machines, it shall be necessary to: 1) make sure that the cutting tool rotates towards the movement of the material being processed; 2) process the parts only along the grain of the wood; 3) reduce the feed speed if cracks, rot or knots are found; 4) process parts with a cross-section of 40 x 40 mm and a length of 400 mm or less in special devices; 5) fix the parts in templates; 6) when processing parts with a cutting tool having a radius of more than 200 mm, and also if more than two cutters are mounted on the spindle, the upper end of the spindle shall be secured in a bracket.
889. In blind milling or milling from the middle, limit stops corresponding to the length of the milled section of the part shall be installed at the guide fence. Curvilinear milling of parts shall be carried out only in special templates with clamps.
890. When working on a milling machine without a guide fence, slides or templates resting against a stop located below the cutter shall be used.
891. When processing on milling machines parts whose overall dimensions exceed the overall dimensions of the working part of the table, additional stable supports shall be installed.
892. When working on milling machines, it shall be prohibited to: 1) work wearing mittens; 2) process workpieces with large cracks and rot; 3) fasten the guide fence with clamps; 4) brake the spindle of the machine by pressing a part against it. Braking shall be carried out by means of the braking device.
893. Before starting work on rod-turning machines, an external inspection of the machine shall be carried out and verification shall be made: 1) of the firmness of the fastening of the cutters in the cutter head; 2) of the correspondence of the feed rollers and the shutter of the receiving device to the diameter of the parts being processed; 3) of the alignment of the spindle axis with the axis of symmetry of the profile of the front and rear feed rollers; 4) that the spindle of the machine is balanced and does not "run out" in the bearings.
894. When working on rod-turning machines, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) make sure that the feed rollers grip the part being processed; 2) when turning workpieces of different lengths, feed the longer workpiece into the cutter head first. Feed the workpieces end to end; 3) feed workpieces that are curved along their whole length with the bend facing downwards; 4) feed workpieces with knots or rot at the ends into the cutter head spoiled end first; 5) if the workpiece being processed "jams", switch the feed mechanism to reverse. If the workpiece is not thereby brought out of the rollers, stop the machine and knock the workpiece out by striking its end from the side of the rear rollers.
895. Before starting work on band-saw joinery machines, the following requirements shall be met: 1) carry out an external inspection of the machine and make sure that the guards and the device ensuring constant tension of the saw band during operation are in good order, and that the device preventing the band from slipping off towards the feed side of the material being sawn is present and acts reliably; 2) adjust the protective screen guarding the machine operator's hands to the depth of cut of the material being sawn, and make sure that it is securely fastened; 3) set the removable guide fence on the machine table in accordance with the width of the material being sawn; 4) check the gap between the surfaces of the insert in the slots of the table and the saw, which shall not exceed 3 mm; 5) by a trial start, check the operation of the automatic device that cleans the pulley and the saw band of resin and sawdust.
896. When working on band-saw joinery machines, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) sawing of the material shall begin only at a steady speed of rotation of the saw band at the full speed of the machine's engine; 2) monitor the tension of the saw band and its condition. The band shall be kept constantly cleaned of resin and sawdust in automatic operating mode; 3) when feeding the material by hand, use devices that provide reliable hold-down and guidance of the material being processed. Feed the material smoothly, without jerks.
897. When working on band-saw joinery machines, it shall be prohibited to: 1) open or remove the guards of the machine; 2) inspect, clean, lubricate or adjust the machine before the saw band has come to a complete stop; 3) saw several workpieces at the same time; 4) adjust a workpiece during sawing; 5) saw iced-up workpieces.
898. Before starting work on sanding machines, an external inspection of the machine shall be carried out and verification shall be made: 1) of the presence of protective guards on the working parts. On disc sanding machines the protective guard shall be solid, except for the working section of the sanding surface, and shall have a branch pipe for connection to the dust-extraction system for removing dust; 2) of the good order of the interlock devices excluding the switching-on of the sanding machines when the dust-extraction systems are switched off and when the covers of the guards are removed or open; 3) of the good order and effectiveness of operation of the dust-extraction systems; 4) of the tightness of the fastening of the sanding belt on the drum or of the sheet on the disc of the machine, and also of the absence of folds, bulges and other defects of the belt; 5) of the firmness and rigidity of the fastening of the stop guide fences and of the tables of the sanding discs; 6) that a distance of 3 to 5 mm between the sanding disc and the table is provided.
899. When working on sanding machines, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) periodically check the condition of the sanding belt and sheet; 2) press the workpiece being processed against the sanding disc or the sheet of the drum without excessive force; 3) sand small parts using clamping devices that exclude the worker's hands reaching the sanding disc or the drum; 4) stop work if dustiness appears as a result of a fault in the dust-extraction system.
900. When working on sanding machines, it shall be prohibited to: 1) use a sanding sheet smaller in size than the diameter of the disc; 2) brake the sanding disc or the drum with the hand or with any object; 3) sand iced-up workpieces; 4) open or remove the guards of the machine; 5) work when the dust-removal extraction system is faulty.
901. Parts processed on copying machines and copy-milling machines shall be fastened with clamping devices so that any possibility of their displacement during processing is excluded.
902. Before starting work on drilling machines and drilling-and-mortising machines, an external inspection of the machine shall be carried out and verification shall be made: 1) of the firmness of the fastening of the drill bit in the chuck. The fastening of the drill bit shall ensure its precise centring; 2) of the good order of the guard of the drill bit. The drill bit shall be guarded together with the chuck. As the drill bit goes deeper into the workpiece, the guard shall cover the remaining part of the drill bit, and as the drill bit comes out of the workpiece it shall guard the drill bit completely; 3) of the good order of the electrical equipment, the earthing and braking devices and the interlocks. The interlock shall exclude any possibility of switching on the machine when the door of the guard is open; 4) of the good order of the clamping devices, the guards and the starting devices, by briefly switching on the machine; 5) of the good order of the pedal mechanism and the hydraulic system, of a sufficient quantity of oil in the pump, and of the absence of oil leakage; 6) of the good order of the hydraulic clamp, the pressure gauge and the safety device of the hydraulic system.
903. When working on drilling machines and drilling-and-mortising machines, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) fasten the part being processed with clamps. Feed the drill bit onto the part smoothly, without jerks; 2) when processing parts more than 1.5 m long, use special supports. When processing parts more than 2 m long, supports in the form of trestles with rollers or roller tables shall be placed against the machine table; 3) monitor the proper operation of the extraction ventilation; 4) remove chips from the drilled hole only with a brush; 5) brake the spindle of the machine by means of the braking device; 6) monitor the operation of the hydraulic system and not allow the oil to leak or to heat above 40 °C.
904. Parts measuring up to 15 mm x 50 mm x 100 mm shall be processed in special devices that ensure precise positioning, fixing and feeding of the part to the drill bit.
905. When working on drilling machines and drilling-and-mortising machines, it shall be prohibited to: 1) brake the spindle of the machine by pressing a part or workpiece against it; 2) process workpieces with large cracks or rot or with loose knots; 3) work wearing gloves or mittens.
906. Before starting work on tenoning machines, an external inspection of the machine shall be carried out and the good order shall be verified of: 1) the braking and earthing devices and the electrical equipment; 2) the devices fastening the knives, cutters and saws. The blades of the knives shall describe a circle of one radius; 3) the clamping device and the carriage (side shields preventing the worker's hands from coming into contact with the cutting tool shall be fixed on the carriage); 4) the solid guard of the horizontal and vertical cutter heads and saws and the guard of the machine's drive; 5) the safety strips guarding the cutters at the front side of "dovetail" machines; 6) the automatic ejector of the double-sided tenoning machine and the inclined surfaces of the shield regulating the position of the material on the feed chain; 7) the guard of the feed chain and of the sprockets of the conveyor; 8) the starting devices, by briefly switching on the machine. The cutting tool shall rotate towards the movement of the part.
907. When working on tenoning machines, the parts shall be fastened with a clamping device across their entire width, and the parts shall be fed smoothly, without jerks.
908. Before starting work on surface-planing machines, an external inspection of the machine shall be carried out and verification shall be made: 1) of the firmness of the fastening of the knives; 2) of the good order of the steel plates installed on the machine table at a distance of not more than 3 mm from the cutting edges of the knives (no nicks or dents); 3) of the secure fastening of the guide fence; 4) of the good order of the automatically operating guard of the cutter block and of the braking and earthing devices; 5) of the good order of the devices for processing parts and the presence of a push block; 6) of the good order of the starting devices, by briefly switching on the machine; 7) of the good order and effective operation of the ventilation and the local extraction of shavings and dust.
909. When working on surface-planing machines, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) make sure that the cutting tool rotates towards the movement of the material; 2) process the material only in the direction of the grain of the wood; 3) inspect the material: where there are knots or cracks, reduce the feed speed; 4) make sure that boards with nails and other metal objects do not enter the machine; 5) press the parts firmly against the table and the fence with the aid of devices; 6) feed the material onto the cutting tool smoothly, without jolts; 7) plane parts more than 2 m long with an auxiliary table with rollers available. Plane a batch of parts in special devices.
910. When planing on surface-planing machines with manual feeding of workpieces less than 400 mm in length and less than 30 mm in width or thickness, the use of a push block is mandatory.
911. When working on surface-planing machines, it shall be prohibited to: 1) use clamps to fasten the guide fence; 2) use plates to give the cutter blocks a cylindrical shape; 3) work with the guard of the cutter block faulty or removed; 4) brake the cutter block by pressing a part against it. Braking shall be carried out only by means of the braking device; 5) process frozen wood or wood with loose knots, large cracks, rot or warping; 6) remove shavings more than 2 mm thick in a single pass; 7) carry out shaped or curvilinear planing; 8) work wearing mittens. Special palm guards shall be used for the protection of the hands.
912. Before starting work on lathes, an external inspection of the machine shall be carried out and the good order shall be verified of the braking and earthing devices, the electrical equipment and the cutting tool (sharpness of grinding, absence of cracks, nicks, burrs and cracks in the handle, firmness of the fastening of the handle, presence of a metal ring preventing the handle from splitting).
913. When working on lathes, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) securely fasten the part being processed; 2) when processing parts more than 800 mm long, use adjustable rests; 3) carry out the cleaning and sanding of turned parts with special blocks.
914. It shall be prohibited to: clean or sand turned parts by pressing a sanding sheet against the part with the hands; work wearing gloves or mittens.
915. Before starting work on combined machines, an external inspection of the machine shall be carried out and verification shall be made: 1) of the presence and good order of the guards of the danger zones; 2) of the proper operation of the cutting units of the machine in any sequence; 3) of the good order of the device that makes it possible to work on a single cutting unit of the machine.
916. When work is carried out on a single cutting unit of a combined machine, the cutting tool of the other units of the machine shall be completely covered. Where there is no device making it possible to work on a single cutting unit of the machine, the cutting tool of the other units shall be removed.
917. On combined machines, when sawing, drilling, mortising, milling and sanding, the working part of the cutter block of the surface-planing unit shall be guarded. When ripping on the machine, a riving knife shall be installed, located behind the saw blade in the same plane as it, at a distance of not more than 10 mm from the line of the tips of the saw teeth over the height of the knife. The height of the riving knife shall be not less than the height of the cut.
918. The guards of the drill bits and end mills on combined machines shall, as they go deeper into the workpiece, cover the remaining part of the cutting tool, and as the tool comes out of the workpiece shall guard it completely.
919. When work is carried out on a combined machine, the removal of shavings and dust from the machine shall be ensured through the machine's built-in extraction hood connected to the general extraction system, or through a suction device for collecting shavings and dust attached to the machine.
920. The cutting of chipboard, fibreboard and sheet materials shall be carried out in an isolated room equipped with supply-and-extract ventilation.
921. The loading (feeding) and unloading of chipboard and fibreboard panels (hereinafter referred to as the panels) and sheet materials shall be mechanised.
922. The drive sprockets and the conveyor chain of the panel-sizing line in the loading and unloading zone shall be guarded.
923. Workers at the section for cutting panels and sheet materials shall use personal protective equipment for the hearing organs.
924. Before commencing panel- and sheet-material cutting work, the fastening of the saw blade on the saw shaft shall be inspected, run-out eliminated and the blade adjusted: on machines with the saw shaft located at the bottom, the tips of the saw blade teeth shall project above the plane of the table by a distance equal to the height of the cut plus not less than 10 mm, and on machines with the saw shaft located at the top they shall be below the plane of the table by 3 to 5 mm.
925. The material shall be cut along the guide ruler.
926. Checking the accuracy of material machining, removing and fitting guards, cleaning, wiping down and clearing offcuts and sawdust from the table shall be carried out with the cutting line fully stopped. Waste shall be removed by mechanised means.
927. The following shall be prohibited: 1) cutting several workpieces simultaneously without a special device that presses them against the guide ruler and the table; 2) adjusting the material being machined while the pneumatic clamps are engaged; 3) braking the saw blade by pressing any object against the surface of the blade or the saw teeth; 4) standing in the plane of the running saw blade within the zone of possible ejection of the material being machined; 5) retracting (blocking) the anti-kickback devices (the claw guard, the sectors).
928. Before commencing work with hand woodworking tools, the following shall be checked: 1) the sharpening of the tool; 2) the condition of the wooden handles of the tool, which shall be free from cracks, bumps, chips, splinters and rot; 3) the condition of the metal handles of the tool, which shall be free from sharp edges and burrs; 4) the condition of the axe blade, which shall be smooth and not battered, free from burrs, nicks, dents and cracks, firmly and tightly mounted on the axe handle and secured with a soft steel barbed wedge; 5) the condition of the surface of the axe handle, which shall be smooth, even and cleaned up, free from cracks, knots and fractures. The length of the handle shall be 2.5 to 3 times the height of the axe; 6) the condition of the wooden parts of the smoothing planes and jointer planes, which shall be free from cracks; 7) the condition of the blades of the smoothing planes and jointer planes, which shall be correctly sharpened with a cutting-edge sharpening angle within the range of 25 to 30°; 8) the condition of the surface of the smoothing planes and jointer planes, which shall be smoothly and evenly cleaned up, with the rear end of the stock, resting under the hand, rounded off; 9) the clamping device of metal planes for finish planing, which shall provide for adjustment of the blade over a distance of not more than 3 mm; 10) the blades of the smoothing planes and jointer planes, which shall be free from chipped areas and turned edges on the cutting parts; 11) the width of the set of the teeth of the saws and hacksaws, which shall be equal on both sides and shall not exceed twice the thickness of the saw. Saws with broken teeth, cracks or concavities shall be replaced; 12) the presence, on the wooden handles of mortise chisels and chisels, of a metal ring at the end subjected to blows, to prevent splitting of the handle.
929. During manual sawing in the horizontal position, the board or beam shall be secured to the workbench or trestles with a clamp so that the part being sawn off overhangs the edge of the workbench board. The part being sawn off shall be held by hand, positioned at a sufficient distance from the cut. A wooden block may be used to start the cutting line. The cutting line shall be started with a pull stroke of the saw ("towards oneself"). Sawing shall be carried out evenly, without strong pressure or jerks. If the saw becomes pinched, a small wedge shall be inserted into the kerf. For sawing at an angle, a mitre box shall be used.
930. A log or board shall be hewn with an axe in the direction from the butt to the top. Before commencing work, the log or board shall be secured to prevent it from shifting or turning over under the impact of axe blows.
931. Parts shall be planed with a plane while secured to the workbench, along the grain. A stop shall be used to secure the part to the workbench. Shavings clogged in the slot of the plane shall be removed from above. Cleaning shavings from the plane with the fingers from the side of the plane's sole shall be prohibited.
932. When working with a mortise chisel and a chisel, the sharpening angle of the cutting edge shall be within the range of 25 to 30°.
933. When using a chisel for cutting, it shall be directed away from the hand that supports the part being machined.
934. Chipping units, crushers and disintegrators (hereinafter referred to as the units) shall be installed in separate rooms or separated by soundproof partitions.
935. To prevent metal inclusions from entering the unit, the material-feeding conveyor shall be equipped with a metal detector (metal trap). If metal inclusions are detected in the material, the conveyor shall be stopped immediately and the metal inclusions extracted and removed. Extracting and removing metal inclusions while the conveyor is moving shall be prohibited.
936. The opening in the inter-storey floor slab, through which waste passes into the loading hopper, shall be enclosed around the perimeter by a solid barrier not less than 1.1 m high.
937. When changing knives and cutters, the rotors of the units shall be braked with a hand brake or a locking device.
938. The hazardous zone near chip-sorting devices shall be guarded and marked with a warning sign "Hazardous zone!".
939. The loosening of caked or frozen chips in bunkers, heaps and piles shall be mechanised. Where manual loosening in bunkers is necessary, it shall be carried out from the servicing platform. The opening and closing of bunker lids shall be mechanised. Being beneath the bunkers when the lids are open shall be prohibited.
940. When the chipping unit is operating, the following shall be prohibited: 1) adjusting the wood being fed by hand or with the aid of metal auxiliary tools; 2) opening the hatches before the discs have come to a complete stop; 3) clearing a blockage when the intake device is jammed with wood before the knife disc has come to a complete stop.
941. In a line assembled from a set of equipment, provision shall be made for putting the equipment into operation in the sequence reverse to the sequence of the technological chain of wood processing.
942. Mobile and self-propelled chipping units shall be levelled before being started up, and measures shall be taken against their spontaneous movement. Panels, covers and protective guards shall be closed. The pipe (flared outlet) of the machine for chip discharge shall be located on the leeward side.
943. The zone within a radius of 20 m around a mobile or self-propelled chipping unit is deemed hazardous, and the presence within it of persons not involved in its servicing shall be prohibited.
944. The sampling of chips for analysis shall be carried out only when the conveyor is stopped.
945. When carrying out preventive and repair work involving persons descending into bunkers and other containers for comminuted wood, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) the bunker shall be emptied of comminuted wood and disconnected from the loading and unloading mechanisms; 2) the electric motors of the drives and of the feeding and unloading mechanisms shall be switched off; 3) descent into the bunker and the performance of work in it shall be carried out by a work team consisting of not less than three persons: one worker descends into the bunker to perform the work, one of the two remaining outside the bunker safeguards the person working in the bunker, and the other observes and, if necessary, provides assistance to the worker in the bunker.
946. The process operations for producing wood flour shall be mechanised, and the equipment shall be sealed, to prevent dust-laden air from entering the working zone.
947. The starting devices of the equipment shall be interlocked with the start-up of the aspiration or pneumatic-conveying systems.
948. Work on the production of wood flour shall be carried out with the aspiration units and the supply ventilation switched on.
949. The material-feeding mechanisms shall be interlocked with the starting devices of the grinding equipment.
950. During the production of wood flour, working in the dryer with a breach of the sealing of the pipelines and the shut-off valves of the steam supply shall be prohibited.
951. Pipelines and units intended for conveying wood flour shall be earthed.
952. The use of flat-belt drives for the mechanisms in the production rooms of the wood-flour production shop shall be prohibited.
953. The operation of hammer mills is permitted only when the magnetic and inertial separators are in proper working order. The load of the hammer mills shall be monitored by means of the installed ammeters.
954. To prevent the spread of possible ignition into the units connected with the hammer mill, airlock gates shall be installed in the pneumatic-conveying systems.
955. The buttons for the emergency stopping of the equipment, for switching on the working and emergency lighting, for the fire alarm and for the remote starting of the fire-main pumps shall be of explosion-proof design and located outside, at the entrance to the isolated production rooms.
956. The heated surfaces of the equipment shall be covered with heat-insulating materials. The temperature of the heated surfaces of the equipment shall not exceed 35 °C.
957. Pipelines, cyclones and bunkers shall be accessible for inspection, cleaning and repair.
958. Drying in rotary and drum dryers shall be carried out at a temperature not exceeding 90 °C and a supplied-steam pressure of not more than 0.6 MPa.
959. Working in the dryer with a breach of the sealing of the pipelines and the shut-off valves of the steam supply shall be prohibited.
960. Pneumatic-conveying systems for dry comminuted products shall be provided with explosion-relief safety diaphragms (valves) installed on the aspiration manifold downstream of the dischargers.
961. The operation of the equipment shall be terminated after the raw material has been fully used up.
962. The storage of raw material and wood flour in heaps on the territory of the production subdivisions shall be prohibited.
963. Wood flour shall be stored in storage rooms in dust-tight closed bags. The bags shall be stacked in a single tier. Before being placed in storage rooms, the bagged wood flour shall be kept on a site or under a canopy for not less than 48 h to prevent spontaneous combustion. The storage of bags of wood flour in the bagging section shall be prohibited.
964. For mechanised stacking, the bags of flour are first placed in separate stacks on pallets made of dry boards or other material that does not cause the formation of sparks.
965. In the wood-flour production rooms, cleaning of dust from the surface of the equipment shall be organised every shift. In round-the-clock operation, the drying drums shall be cleaned not less than once per shift, and the structural elements of the building once a week.
966. Before carrying out maintenance and repair work on the equipment for preparing wood flour, cleaning of the room and cleaning of the internal and external surfaces of the equipment shall be performed. Work involving the use of open flame, spark formation and heating shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements established for the safe performance of hot work at explosion-hazardous facilities.
967. When working on nailing machines, the stop angle and the side bar shall be secured after being set.
968. Nails shall be processed in a tumbling drum. The use of nails that are non-calibrated and that have burrs under the head and incomplete cuts at the point shall be prohibited.
969. When working on wire-stitching machines, the drum with wire shall be equipped with a device that prevents accidental unwinding of the wire. The working head and the straightening rollers shall be set in accordance with the diameter of the wire. The use of non-calibrated wire for the work shall be prohibited.
970. The boards of the sides and bottom of the box shall be separated from the ends on the box-dismantling machine and removed to the side opposite the machine operator (behind the machine). The box ends remaining on the table in the clamps shall be placed on a conveyor or a trolley. The speed of the working member of the machine shall not exceed 15 m/min.
971. For dismantling, the box end shall be firmly secured on the end-dismantling machine. The battens fastening the end together shall be separated from the boards on the machine by shifting and removed along a chute into the bunker.
972. The moving parts of powered nail pullers, except for the ends of the pincers, shall be guarded.
973. Machining, on stave-planing and other machines, of iced-over workpieces (staves), and of workpieces having through cracks, shall be prohibited.
974. The upper part of the opening of the bed of a chain-fed stave-jointing machine, located above the swinging frame, shall be covered with a curtain (of rubberised fabric). The counterweight of the frame shall be covered with a metal guard.
975. The working (tightening) rope of the tightening winch shall not have any broken wires, irregularities or knots.
976. For placing the barrel in the tightening winch, it shall have interchangeable supports matching the size of the barrel body and fixed to the floor.
977. To support the upper part of the barrel body, the tightening winch shall be provided with a semicircular seat-stop located opposite the middle bearing of the screw and 40 to 50 mm below the longitudinal axis of the attachment of the tightening rope.
978. The tightening rope may be removed from the barrel body after the working hoop has been fitted onto the body.
979. The lower plate of the press or the support shall be provided with a guard located opposite the abutment hoop. In this case, the joint (seam) of the hoop band shall be positioned on the side of the body opposite the workplace.
980. The panel being machined on the bottom-cutting machine shall be secured by the retainers of the pressure disc.
981. Opening the chamber for steaming barrels is permitted only after the spent steam has been shut off and removed.
982. The firing of barrel bodies on electric brazier units shall be carried out in a special room equipped with supply-and-exhaust ventilation and fire-extinguishing means. The barrel body shall be centred relative to the heating element of the brazier unit.
983. On lifting electric brazier units, the guard shall be rigidly fastened to the metal lid covering the barrel body being fired.
984. The counterweights of lifting electric brazier units shall be covered with a metal guard.
985. The section for enamelling barrels shall be isolated and equipped with supply-and-exhaust ventilation.
986. The tank with enamel (liquid paraffin and rosin) shall have thermal insulation and shall be tightly closed with a lid.
987. On machines for making steel hoops, the assembly for feeding and cutting the strip shall be guarded by a casing having slots for the passage of the strip.
988. The working zone between the coil of strip for making hoops and the machine shall be guarded by a metal grille.
989. The workplace of the hoop welder shall be located in a separate room equipped with supply-and-exhaust ventilation.
990. The workplaces in the washing section of the cooperage production shall be equipped with devices for raising and lowering barrels.
991. The cutting-up of small-diameter timber into billets (short logs) is carried out on multi-saw machines or by pendulum circular saws with top feed of the saw.
992. When sawing wood with pendulum saws, convenience of feeding and securing the raw material during sawing, as well as the stacking of billets into cassettes or onto a conveyor, shall be ensured.
993. The feeding of cassettes with billets to the shaving (wood-wool) machines shall be mechanised. When installing a conveyor for feeding billets to the shaving machine, the possibility of billets falling from it shall be excluded.
994. Shaving machines shall be installed in the production room parallel to one another. The installation of shaving machines in a single line along their limiting axis shall be prohibited.
995. On machines with a horizontal knife plate, the openings between the left and right posts, from the floor to the bed, shall be guarded.
996. The machining of frozen or iced-over billets, as well as of large billets with a mass of more than 16 kg, shall be prohibited.
997. Before being fed for processing, wood shall undergo automatic inspection for the absence of metal inclusions. At the inspection device, a mechanised section shall be provided for removing timber from the conveyor, removing metal inclusions and returning them to production.
998. The feeding of billets to the wood-splitting machines, as well as their removal and conveyance away from the machines, shall be mechanised. For loading and orienting the billets on the traction chain of the machine, metal hooks shall be used.
999. The site for sawing wood into billets by multi-saw machines operating in automatic mode shall be enclosed by a mesh not less than 1.5 m high. The entrance door into the enclosed zone shall be interlocked with the starting devices of the machines.
1000. To prevent billets from falling from the conveyor of the shaving machine, the height of the enclosing sides shall be not less than 0.4 m.
1001. The operator's workplace shall be enclosed by railings. The removal of billets rejected by the operator shall be mechanised.
1002. For removing, aligning and installing the shaving and scoring knives, special devices shall be used.
1003. Mechanical shaving sorters shall be guarded and equipped with local exhausts to prevent dust from entering the production room.
1004. The monitoring and adjustment of the drying process for chips, shavings and other types of comminuted wood shall be carried out at the inlet and outlet of the drying unit.
1005. The drying section and the room of the bunkers for raw shavings shall be connected by light-and-sound signalling.
1006. Binder shall be introduced into the mass of wood particles in closed-type mixers equipped with local exhausts.
1007. The removal of the mass from the mixer and the cleaning of the main shaft shall be carried out after switching off the main knife switch and posting on the control panel the sign: "Do not switch on! Personnel are working".
1008. Adjusting the mass of the shaving mat by means of movable weights is permitted only after the forming machines have stopped.
1009. Along the entire length of the forming conveyor, side walls shall be installed from the guides to the bottom of the forming machine.
1010. The loading points of the forming machines shall be equipped with local exhausts.
1011. Before pressing, metal inclusions shall be removed from the shaving mat.
1012. The movement of transport sheets, with and without the shaving mat, shall be mechanised.
1013. The hot-pressing press and the racks shall be provided with an enclosure connected to a ventilation system that ensures the removal of the dust, gas and steam released during pressing.
1014. The sequence for switching on the mechanisms and opening the valves shall be indicated on the press control panel. The starting devices of the press units shall be interlocked with one another in such a way that errors in putting them into operation preclude the possibility of an accident or injury.
1015. The zone between the racks and the press shall be enclosed by railings not less than 1.1 m high.
1016. Work in the press pits and beneath the racks shall be carried out by a work team consisting of not less than 2 workers.
1017. The removal of defective panels, panel offcuts and sawdust from the machine shall be mechanised.
1018. The sections for size-trimming of panels shall be equipped with soundproof cabins. In the absence of cabins, workers shall use personal protective equipment for the hearing organs.
1019. Before sanding, particleboard panels shall be checked for the absence of metal inclusions by means of devices equipped with signalling and interlocked with the feeding devices. The removal of panels with metal inclusions shall be mechanised.
1020. The loading of particleboard panels onto the sanding line, as well as the removal of the panels, shall be mechanised.
1021. The system of local exhausts from the sanding machine shall preclude the escape of dust into the production room.
1022. Bunkers, cyclones and pipelines shall be equipped with explosion-relief and fire-prevention devices.
1023. For the removal of static electricity during the sanding of particleboard panels, appropriate devices (neutralisers, earthing devices) shall be provided.
1024. During operation, the zone for loading chips into the defibrator shall be closed off by a solid guard protecting the servicing personnel from a possible discharge of steam.
1025. The defibrator shall be started with the discs moved apart. The lever for the rapid retraction of the disc shall be fixed in its extreme positions.
1026. Cleaning of the pipelines shall be carried out through special hatches. Production sections where pipelines are laid at height shall be equipped with ladders and platforms for their convenient and safe servicing.
1027. To preclude the possibility of injury to the servicing personnel, the counterweight of the heater damper shall be covered with a guard.
1028. For storing the current stock of chemicals, a storeroom shall be provided in the sizing and water-treatment section. Dusting and free-flowing chemicals shall be stored in closed containers.
1029. The stock of chemicals in the production rooms of the section for sizing wood pulp and treating waste water shall not exceed the daily requirement.
1030. The dosing, feeding and loading of chemicals into containers and to the production shall be mechanised.
1031. The sizing section shall be equipped with a water supply and provided with a first-aid kit for rendering first aid.
1032. Measuring tanks, collectors and other containers periodically filled with working solutions of chemicals shall be closed with lids.
1033. The forming machine, the agitators and the pool pumps shall be equipped with light-and-sound signalling.
1034. A section of the floor along the forming machine, 1 m wide, shall be covered with a lattice decking.
1035. The forming machine shall be equipped with platforms for its convenient servicing. The pool beneath the forming machine shall be enclosed around the perimeter.
1036. The operating zone of the transverse sizing disc shall be guarded.
1037. The clearing of pulp waste from the assemblies of the equipment and from beneath the forming machine shall be carried out with a jet of water.
1038. To prevent injury to workers engaged in pressing fibreboard panels by the ejection of raw hot panels upon emergency opening of the press platens, the press shall be equipped with an automatic emergency alarm.
1039. The zone of movement of the racks, of the lower movable architrave and of the counterweights of the press racks shall have a guard not less than 1.5 m high from the floor. The doors of the guard shall be interlocked with the starting device of the press.
1040. The operation of the high-frequency unit, and repair and adjustment work, shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the operating documentation of the manufacturer organisation.
1041. The preparation, feeding into the baths and draining of the alkaline solution for washing glossy sheets and backing meshes shall be mechanised.
1042. The movement and loading of backing meshes and glossy sheets into the baths shall be mechanised.
1043. The baths for washing meshes and glossy sheets shall be equipped with local exhausts.
1044. The floors around the bath for washing meshes and glossy sheets shall have grated decking.
1045. The oil-impregnation section shall be located in an isolated room.
1046. The floor in the oil-impregnation section shall be covered with a material chemically resistant to the substances used and shall have drains to sewer wells fitted with oil traps.
1047. The floor in the oil-impregnation section shall be cleaned with special washing and neutralising agents.
1048. The supply and draining of oil from the impregnation bath shall be mechanised. To prevent overflow of oil, the impregnation bath shall have a liquid-level regulator.
1049. The impregnation bath shall be provided with instruments for monitoring the oil temperature and with a local exhaust (exhaust hood).
1050. The loading of trolleys with boards into the heat-treatment and humidification chambers and their unloading, as well as the opening of the chamber doors, shall be mechanised.
1051. Exhaust hoods with extraction shall be installed above the doors of the heat-treatment chambers to remove the gases released during the unloading of boards from the chambers.
1052. The feeding of stacks of boards to the sizing and trimming machines, as well as the removal of finished boards, shall be mechanised.
1053. Board edge trimmings and sawdust from the saw discs shall be removed by a system of local exhausts.
1054. The workstations in the packing area shall be equipped with special tables, lifting and conveying mechanisms and strapping devices.
1055. The premises of the production areas for finishing boards with paint and varnish materials shall be equipped with fire-fighting means, and the equipment in the zones where harmful substances are released - with local exhaust ventilation. The starting of the equipment without automatic activation of the local exhaust ventilation shall be prevented.
1056. Paint and varnish (finishing) materials shall be conveyed from the preparation (dispensing) section to the equipment in containers with tightly closed lids or stoppers.
1057. The stock of finishing materials at the workstations shall not exceed the shift requirement.
1058. Workers engaged in charging and pouring finishing materials into the service tanks of the equipment, as well as in cleaning the equipment and draining residues of finishing materials, shall use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). Work on charging and pouring finishing materials into the service tanks of the equipment, as well as on cleaning the equipment and draining residues of finishing materials, shall be carried out after the equipment has been switched off, with the ventilation running.
1059. The installation of printing rolls shall be carried out with the local exhaust ventilation running.
1060. For the collection (clearing) of spilled finishing materials, containers with sand and sawdust shall be provided. The collected material shall be directed to a specially designated place and, at the end of the shift, shall be removed from the production premises and disposed of in accordance with the procedure approved by the employer.
1061. Equipment in the areas for the production of paper-resin films and board facing, during the operation of which harmful substances are formed, shall be equipped with local exhausts. The starting of the equipment without the local exhaust ventilation running shall be prohibited.
1062. The floors in the area for the preparation of impregnation solutions shall be adapted for wet cleaning and shall have drains to the sewerage. Cold and hot water shall be supplied to the area for the preparation of solutions and the washing of tanks.
1063. The metering and feeding of components into the tanks, the mixing of components and the draining of the prepared solutions into the service tank and the bath of the impregnation unit shall be mechanised.
1064. Water or solutions after the washing of the tanks, pipelines and apparatus shall be neutralised before being discharged into the sewerage.
1065. The spindle and side supports of the unwinding device shall ensure the fixing and securing of the paper roll. The paper web at the start of the roll shall be threaded in accordance with the process instruction using special devices and the manual drive of the conveyor.
1066. Workers engaged in the manufacture of paper-resin films shall be provided with appropriate PPE and with substances that neutralise the harmful effect of the impregnation solutions.
1067. The cleaning of the equipment of waste, the washing of the rolls of the impregnation unit, the impregnation bath and other tanks shall be carried out at the end of the shift with the local and general ventilation running.
1068. The packing of film into packs shall be carried out at a special stacking station equipped with local ventilation.
1069. Workers shall be notified of the starting of the line by audible and visual signalling.
1070. Collectors, tanks and service measuring vessels in which the process of preparing the impregnation compound is carried out shall be hermetically sealed.
1071. In the areas for the preparation of the impregnation compound and the manufacture of films, a worker shall be prohibited from remaining and working alone.
1072. The glue baths shall be provided with level gauges and thermometers. If the equipment is stopped for more than 2 hours, the temperature of the glue in the bath shall be reduced to 30 - 40 °C.
1073. The premises and installations for the hydrothermal treatment of plywood raw material (pools) shall have systems (general ventilation, covers with hydraulic seals) that prevent mist formation and ensure the visibility necessary for carrying out the work.
1074. The premises for the hydrothermal treatment of raw material (enclosed pools) shall be isolated from other premises and connected through process openings. Debarking and sawing of plywood raw material in the hydrothermal treatment premises shall be prohibited.
1075. The openings through which blocks are conveyed shall be equipped with fittings and devices (air-heat curtains, vestibules, suspended screens) that prevent draughts.
1076. The temperature of the water in the pools shall not exceed 40 °C. Where it is necessary to apply hydrothermal treatment of the raw material under severe modes with a water temperature of up to 70 °C, mandatory draining of the water before the loading and unloading of the pools shall be provided for.
1077. The monitoring of the water temperature in the pools shall be carried out automatically.
1078. The loading and unloading of the pools with logs or blocks shall be mechanised, and the control of the mechanisms shall be remote. Simultaneous loading and unloading of two adjacent pools, as well as the cleaning and repair of a pool adjacent to one in operation, shall be prohibited.
1079. The removal of the covers from the pools or their sections shall be mechanised. Standing on the pool covers shall be prohibited.
1080. Drain pipes shall be installed to regulate the water level in the pools.
1081. Before carrying out repair work or cleaning the pools, the water shall be removed from them, the walls of the pool cooled to a temperature not exceeding 45 °C, the valves of the water- and steam-supply pipelines closed, and prohibition signs posted on the valves.
1082. The working footbridges, passages and platforms at the open pools shall be regularly cleared of bark, debris and snow and, where necessary (to eliminate slipping and prevent falls), sprinkled with anti-slip material.
1083. The open pools shall be provided along their perimeter with a continuous barrier not less than 1.1 m high.
1084. The width of the passages (for servicing the pools) that are free of equipment and utilities shall be not less than 1 m.
1085. In wind whose speed exceeds that established by the operating documentation of the lifting crane, as well as in heavy rain or fog, the loading and unloading of the pools and repair work shall be prohibited.
1086. Heated logs or blocks shall be fed to the mechanisms for their single-piece delivery onto the longitudinal conveyor. Loading the conveyors with two or more logs or blocks at the same time shall be prohibited.
1087. The gaps between the peeling machines shall be not less than 1 m.
1088. The distance from the workstation of the peeler operator to the conveyor feeding the blocks to the peeling area shall be not less than 2 m.
1089. The stacking of blocks on the accumulating conveyors at the peeling machines shall be carried out in a single row.
1090. Blocks fed for peeling shall not contain metal inclusions.
1091. Cores and waste from the peeling machines shall be removed by conveyors located below floor level. Where a conveyor is located in a tunnel, the tunnel shall have a width of not less than 2.5 m and a height of not less than 2 m and shall be accessible for the inspection and repair of the conveyor at all its points.
1092. Peeling of a block shall be prohibited if there are unremoved knots.
1093. When a block is set in the spindles, the carriage of the peeling machine shall be withdrawn from the surface of the block by a distance of not less than 50 mm.
1094. Feeding a block from the centring-and-loading device shall not be permitted if there is a block in the spindles of the peeling machine or if the carriage has not been withdrawn.
1095. When a block is fed by the centring-and-loading device into the spindles of the peeling machine, the possibility of the block being dropped or skewed at the moment of centring shall be precluded.
1096. The zone of movement of the centring-and-loading device and of the peeling of the block shall be equipped with protective means that preclude the possibility of the peeler operator being within it during operation.
1097. The setting of the block and the removal of the core shall be carried out with the spindles of the peeling machine not rotating.
1098. If a block or core splits, the entry of wood fragments into the working zone shall be precluded.
1099. The gaps between the knife and the bar or the block shall be cleaned with special devices or wooden paddles with long handles after the equipment has first been switched off. The length of the paddles shall exceed the greatest diameter of the block by not less than 150 mm.
1100. The removal, installation and setting of the peeling knife shall be carried out with a device present that secures the traverse of the pressure bar in the raised position.
1101. The bars and whetstones for setting the knives shall be placed in wooden holders with handles.
1102. Repair and adjustment work on the equipment for the manufacture of veneer shall be carried out with the block deflection limiter secured in the upper position.
1103. When veneer is cut on the shears, the knife shall not move spontaneously.
1104. Veneer trimmings and debris shall be removed from the cutting zone with special paddles or brushes.
1105. The removal of the veneer stack from the shears shall be mechanised and carried out with the shears and the veneer stacking mechanism switched off.
1106. When clearing waste from under the lifting table, the metal posts or safety stops shall first be set in the vertical position.
1107. Repair work on the hydraulic presses for pressing veneer shall be carried out after the supply of hydraulic fluid to the system has ceased, with the valves of the steam main closed and steam-tight, and with the press elements cooled to a temperature not exceeding 45 °C. When changing the gland packing or seals of a hydraulic press, the valve on the supply line from the pump to the cylinder shall be closed and the press platen secured in the upper position. Measures shall be taken to preclude accidental lowering of the platen.
1108. The loading and unloading of veneer in the roller dryers shall be mechanised.
1109. During the operation of the dryers, the doors of their sections shall be hermetically sealed.
1110. To clear veneer jams in the roller dryers, long steel hooks and other devices shall be used.
1111. The activation of the alarm signalling veneer jams on the loading rack in front of the drying chamber shall occur with the simultaneous stopping of the electric motors of the feed drive. Veneer jams may be cleared only after the dryer drive has been switched off. When removing veneer jams, a mobile shower unit shall be used.
1112. Veneer jams in the loading lift or the distributor located in the upper position shall be removed with the safety device set in the working position.
1113. The clearing of veneer jams in dryers with steam heating shall be carried out with the fans switched off and the valves of the steam line closed, and in dryers with flue-gas heating - with the damper of the furnace chimney open and the exhaust-gas removal fan running.
1114. The chimney damper shall have a device allowing it to be switched from the floor and a guarding device preventing it from falling out. The counterweights of the damper shall be guarded.
1115. The air from the veneer cooling chambers of the roller dryers shall be discharged into the atmosphere.
1116. During the drying of veneer in the dryers, uninterrupted operation of the smoke exhausters shall be ensured.
1117. The air intake points in the air ducts of the dryers shall be guarded with meshes.
1118. Recirculation of the gas-air mixture in the dryers during the drying of veneer from coniferous species shall be prohibited.
1119. Flue gases shall be directed into the dryer when the lining of the combustion chamber is red-hot.
1120. Ash removal from the collectors and cleaning of the spark-arrester chambers of the furnace when burning wood fuel shall be carried out not less than once a week.
1121. The guards of the chain drives of the loading and unloading mechanisms of the dryers shall be interlocked with the starting device.
1122. At the unloading of veneer from the dryers, the accumulation of static electricity charges shall be precluded.
1123. The temperature of the outer surfaces of the dryer doors shall not exceed 45 °C.
1124. Veneer patching on the veneer-patching machine shall be carried out only with a guard on the punch that protects the worker's hands.
1125. Tape residues and debris may be removed using bristle brushes or wooden paddles only after the machine has been disconnected from the mains.
1126. Veneer sheets shall be fed to the machine from the veneer stack placed on the lifting table.
1127. The feeding of veneer into the scarfing machine shall be mechanised and carried out by means of a guiding device with clamps.
1128. Work on the edge-gluing machines using adhesives and glue thread shall be carried out with the local exhaust ventilation running.
1129. On the edge-gluing machines, the following shall be guarded: the feed rollers or rolls, the drive mechanisms, the inlet nozzle of the thread guide, and the heating zone.
1130. The gap between the feed rollers may be cleaned with special paddles and scrapers with extended handles only after the machine has been disconnected from the mains.
1131. A special device shall be used to clean the gaps in the inlet and outlet nozzles.
1132. The application of synthetic resins and adhesives to the surface of veneer sheets shall be carried out with guards present on the rolls of the glue-spreading machine that preclude the possibility of the worker's hands approaching the rolls closer than 250 mm. The guards of the rolls shall be interlocked with the starting device of the machine.
1133. Work on the glue-spreading machines may be carried out where local exhaust ventilation is present, interlocked with the starting device of the machine.
1134. The supply of resin to the glue-preparation section shall be mechanised. Glue shall be supplied to the machines through sealed pipelines.
1135. Hot and cold water shall be supplied to the glue mixer and to the upper and lower rolls of the glue-spreading machine, and drainage of the waste water shall be arranged through drain pipes into collecting tanks or settling tanks.
1136. Manual turning of the rolls of the glue-spreading machine shall be carried out by means of a special device.
1137. The possibility of switching off the drive of the glue-spreading machine from the veneer-sheet feed side shall be ensured from any point of the servicing zone along the rolls.
1138. Washing and cleaning of the trough and rolls may be carried out after the complete stopping of the machine and of the core-strip feed mechanism. These operations shall be carried out with brushes with long handles from the veneer exit side.
1139. Correcting the position of veneer sheets in the event of incorrect gripping by the rolls may be done only after the machine has been disconnected from the mains.
1140. To clear waste from under the lifting tables, metal stops shall first be installed.
1141. The loading of packs into the hydraulic press and its unloading shall be mechanised. The zone of movement of the loading and unloading mechanisms shall be guarded.
1142. The start of movement of the press rack shall be interlocked with the giving of an audible and visual signal.
1143. The following shall be prohibited: 1) work on the hydraulic press when there are leaks of hydraulic fluid and steam; 2) accumulation of oil in the press pit.
1144. The high- and low-pressure hydraulic pumps shall be installed in a separate room or guarded.
1145. The operation of the hydraulic presses shall be carried out with the reduction valves of the hydraulic pumps adjusted to the set pressure.
1146. The steam-distribution columns of the press and the flexible and rigid steam pipes shall have a continuous guard.
1147. The removal of debris from the platens of the hydraulic press shall be carried out with special pushers.
1148. The hydraulic press shall be operated with a local exhaust in the form of a hood present. The dimensions of the hood on the plywood discharge side shall be 0.7 m larger than the dimensions of the plywood being discharged.
1149. After pressing, the plywood shall be held for not less than 24 hours in chambers or premises equipped with general ventilation.
1150. The feeding of laminated glued wood (hereinafter referred to as "plywood") for trimming, the removal of waste and the movement of finished products shall be mechanised.
1151. The control panel of the trimming machine and conveyor shall be located in a safe zone.
1152. The starting of the trimming machines shall be carried out after activation of the pneumatic conveying system, which is interlocked with the starting device of the machine.
1153. Plywood may be trimmed on the trimming machines only with a properly functioning guard on the saw discs: the guard shall rise, under the action of the plywood pack being fed, to the height of the cut and shall automatically lower to its initial position after the pack has passed.
1154. During trimming, firm clamping of the plywood pack shall be ensured.
1155. Waste shall be cleared only from the exit side of the plywood pack, using special brushes with long handles.
1156. The starting of the sanding machines shall be carried out after activation of the pneumatic conveying system, which is interlocked with the starting device of the machine.
1157. The bins for collecting dust from the sanding machines shall be located outside the production premises and equipped with explosion-relief devices.
1158. The feeding of plywood into the sanding machine shall be mechanised.
1159. The use of a torn, loosely glued sanding abrasive belt (web), or one with uneven edges, shall be prohibited.
1160. The sanding of plywood sheets in the sanding machines shall be carried out with the guards of the sanding-belt rolls closed.
1161. Manual sorting of plywood shall be carried out using lifting tables, roller conveyors and tilters.
1162. When plywood is sorted using tilters, the working area shall be fenced off.
1163. During mechanised sorting of plywood, cleaning of the surface of the plywood sheets of sawdust and dust shall be carried out automatically using local exhaust ventilation.
1164. Monitoring of the filling of the grade sections of the sorter with plywood sheets shall be automatic.
1165. The feeding of plywood for packing and the movement of packed plywood shall be mechanised.
1166. Premises for the production of laminated wood plastics shall be equipped with general supply and exhaust ventilation.
1167. Free access from all sides shall be ensured to the veneer impregnation baths. The sides of the bath shall project above floor level by not less than 1 m. The veneer impregnation baths shall be equipped with local exhaust ventilation (edge suction).
1168. The resin solution shall be fed into the veneer impregnation baths through pipelines. The level of the solution in the baths shall be regulated automatically. The loading and unloading of the cassettes shall be mechanised.
1169. Before the veneer impregnation baths are unloaded, the resin solution shall be pumped into other baths.
1170. After the loading and unloading of the cassettes has been completed, the baths shall be closed with sealed covers.
1171. High-pressure pipelines located in the permanent servicing area shall be enclosed by protective guards.
1172. During the loading and unloading of chamber dryers, the supply of hot air shall be stopped.
1173. The laying of metal spacers and the movement of packs shall be mechanised.
1174. The press racks shall be fitted with limit switches.
1175. Premises for the hydrothermal treatment of raw material for the production of sliced veneer shall be equipped with general supply and exhaust ventilation.
1176. Logs or beams on the carriage of a horizontal sawmill frame or a band-sawing machine shall be secured.
1177. At the ends of the rail track of the carriage of a horizontal sawmill frame, limiting stops shall be installed that prevent it from leaving the rails.
1178. Control of band-sawing machines shall be remote, from a control panel installed in a cabin.
1179. The cutting of raw material into beams and flitches shall be carried out with the light and sound signalling in operation.
1180. The loading of raw material into pools and its unloading from them, the loading of beams and flitches into trolleys, and their rolling into and out of autoclaves and steaming chambers shall be mechanised.
1181. A steaming chamber shall be equipped with a pump for pumping out condensate, and the pools with a pump for pumping water.
1182. An autoclave shall be equipped with: 1) an interlocking device that prevents the cover from being opened while the autoclave is under pressure; 2) an illuminated display with the warning inscription: "Under pressure!".
1183. Before the unloading of steaming chambers and autoclaves, the steam shall be shut off and the ventilation switched on. Opening a steaming chamber or autoclave before the steam has been completely removed shall be prohibited.
1184. During the hydrothermal treatment of tropical wood species in pools with a water temperature of up to 90 °C, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) the pools shall be equipped with airtight covers with hydraulic seals; 2) the availability of free pools shall be ensured for the mandatory draining of water from a pool before the loading and unloading of raw material; 3) measurements of the water temperature shall be carried out by sensors with automatic recording of the readings.
1185. The feeding of beam or flitch blanks onto the table of the veneer-slicing machine shall be mechanised. Blanks shall be fed one at a time.
1186. Beams or flitches shall be secured on the table of the machine. Beams or flitches shall be turned over using lifting mechanisms.
1187. The veneer-slicing machine shall be started simultaneously by two workers from opposite sides.
1188. The knife beam of the veneer-slicing machine shall be cleaned with a wooden spatula or brush. The removal of the stack of veneer from the veneer-slicing machine shall be mechanised.
1189. The maintenance and repair of the veneer-slicing machine shall be carried out with the knife carriage and the lifting table secured so as to exclude the possibility of their spontaneous movement.
1190. Premises for the production of resins shall be equipped with general supply and exhaust ventilation, as well as emergency ventilation.
1191. In organising resin production processes, preference shall be given to those processes and types of equipment that are controlled remotely.
1192. The feeding of phenol, formalin, caustic soda and acid into production shall be mechanised.
1193. The movement of phenol and caustic soda in the solid (crystalline) state shall be carried out in closed containers. Chemicals in liquid form shall be pumped by pumps.
1194. Phenol received into production in the solid state shall be melted in special closed tanks equipped with local exhaust ventilation. Pipelines conveying phenol shall have heating.
1195. Solutions of sodium hydroxide may be prepared in special closed containers with mechanical stirrers, followed by pumping into separate tanks.
1196. The loading of chemicals into the resin synthesis reactor shall be carried out with the ventilation switched on. The filling of the resin synthesis reactor with chemicals shall not exceed 0.8 of its volume.
1197. Resin synthesis reactors shall have devices ensuring the capture of the gases, vapours and liquid and solid distillates formed in the course of these processes (direct and reflux condensers, foam traps), as well as control and measuring instruments for monitoring the progress of the technological process. The covers and hatches of the reactors shall be tightly closed during operation. In the event of a malfunction of the control and measuring instruments, resin synthesis shall be prohibited.
1198. Resin synthesis reactors shall have special devices ensuring the taking of process samples into a sealed container by methods that exclude the possibility of harmful substances entering the working area air.
1199. The cleaning-up of chemical substances spilled on the floor shall be carried out using appropriate personal protective equipment.
1200. Spilled chemical substances shall be neutralised, removed to a specially designated place and disposed of. For the neutralisation of spilled acids, alkalis and other chemical substances, solutions of soap, lime or soda, acetic or boric acid shall be available at the resin production areas. After their neutralisation and removal, the place of the spillage of the chemical substances shall be washed with a large quantity of water. The discharge into the sewerage of chemical substances spilled on the floor without their prior neutralisation shall be prohibited.
1201. In the premises for match production, the weighing and crushing sections, the sections for grinding the components of the phosphorus and igniting compositions and for preparing the adhesive composition, and also the storeroom for keeping the current stock of chemicals, shall be separated from one another by non-combustible partitions with tightly fitted doors. The weighing section and the section for grinding the components of the phosphorus and igniting compositions shall, in addition to the exits into the production premises, have an exit directly to the outside.
1202. The feeding of billets to the debarking machine, their processing, and also the removal of waste shall be mechanised.
1203. The section for the hydrothermal treatment of billets shall be equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation with air heating to prevent the formation of mist and the condensation of moisture in the premises.
1204. At the openings in the walls for the conveyors carrying raw material fed into the hydrothermal treatment premises, soft curtains or air curtains with heated air shall be provided during the cold season.
1205. The hydrothermal treatment of billets shall be carried out in chambers with airtight-closing covers fitted with hydraulic seals.
1206. The following shall be prohibited: 1) carrying out the simultaneous loading and unloading of two adjacent hydrothermal treatment chambers; 2) carrying out the cleaning and repair of a chamber adjacent to one that is in operation.
1207. Before the start of repair work, the hydrothermal treatment chamber shall be cooled and the condensate drained.
1208. When working in hydrothermal treatment chambers, portable electric luminaires with a voltage of not more than 12 V shall be used.
1209. Splint-cutting and dividing machines shall have devices that hold the knife frame in the upper position during the dressing of knives and cutters.
1210. The frames of splint-cutting and dividing machines, together with the knives and cutters, shall be equipped with guards interlocked with the starting devices of the machines.
1211. The clamping in the machine of a billet with heart rot exceeding 2/3 of the diameter of the billet shall be prohibited.
1212. The loading of match splints into the impregnation apparatus and their unloading shall be mechanised. The water temperature in the impregnation apparatus shall be not more than 40 °C.
1213. The stock of the components of the anti-smouldering composition shall be kept in a specially designated room in a quantity not exceeding the two-shift requirement.
1214. For the preparation of the anti-smouldering solution, the feeding of diammonium phosphate into a special container shall be mechanised. The decanting of phosphoric acid from carboys into measuring vessels shall be carried out by means of a siphon or a hand pump.
1215. Workplaces where operations involving the use of phosphoric acid and diammonium phosphate are carried out shall be provided with means for their rapid neutralisation.
1216. Work involving the cleaning and repair of impregnation apparatus shall be carried out only after they have been completely stopped and using appropriate personal protective equipment.
1217. Unused anti-smouldering solution and water from the washing of the impregnation apparatus may be discharged into the common sewerage after their special treatment and neutralisation.
1218. Splint-drying apparatus shall be installed no closer than 1.5 m to one another. Where an electric motor is installed between the apparatus, the width of the passage between the motor and the adjacent apparatus shall be not less than 1.0 m.
1219. A splint-drying apparatus shall be equipped with light and sound signalling.
1220. The covers of the protective casing of a splint-drying apparatus may be removed after the steam and the electric motors have been switched off and when the air temperature within it is not more than 40 °C. A splint-drying apparatus may be opened only after it has been completely disconnected from the supply mains.
1221. The loading and unloading of match splints into the polishing drums shall be mechanised.
1222. The starting of the polishing drums and the sorting machines shall be interlocked with the starting of the local exhaust ventilation and the pneumatic conveying installation for splints.
1223. When matchboxes are formed from veneer, the shaft of the forming mandrel, together with the ejecting cheeks and, when inner boxes are glued, with the smoothers, shall be guarded. The guards of the box-gluing machine shall be interlocked with the starting device of the machine so that access to the units of the machine is possible only after it has been completely stopped.
1224. The distance between box-gluing machines arranged along the conveyors shall be not less than 0.5 m. The distance between labelling machines shall be not less than 1.0 m.
1225. The pulling-through and feeding of the cardboard web shall be carried out only after the printing machine has been completely stopped. The printing machine shall be equipped with local exhaust ventilation.
1226. Printing plates shall be washed and cleaned when the printing machine is completely stopped. Used rags shall be kept in metal boxes with lids.
1227. The stock of material (flammable liquids) in the production premises for washing and cleaning printing plates shall not exceed 10 litres per printing machine and 20 litres where kept in a place specially intended for storage (a storeroom). The material shall be kept in airtight containers. On completion of work, the equipment, tools and appliances that have been in contact with printing ink shall be washed.
1228. The removal of adhesive stuck to parts of the machine shall be carried out by a wet method using hot water supplied to the production premises.
1229. The production premises in which automatic match machines are installed (hereinafter referred to as the automatic machine section) shall have not less than one emergency exit to the outside and shall be equipped with emergency ventilation.
1230. The match production areas shall be provided with felt mats - special covers impregnated with anti-smouldering solution, measuring 1.5 x 2.2 m. Felt mats are allocated: to the automatic machine section and the box-filling and box-coating sections at the rate of one felt mat per unit of main equipment; to the sections for grinding the igniting and phosphorus compositions at the rate of one felt mat per section.
1231. The cleaning and washing of the floor of the production premises at the dipping trough shall be carried out not less than twice per shift. The receiver for used water shall have a regularly cleaned settling tank.
1232. Pneumatic conveying systems shall be equipped with automatic devices that shut them off in the event of a fire. The stock of finished matches at each automatic match machine shall not exceed five cassettes.
1233. An automatic match machine shall be fitted with light and sound signalling to give warning of its starting, and also equipped with fixed metal stairs for its servicing.
1234. The cleaning of the igniting composition in the dipping trough of fallen splints shall be carried out with mesh paddles of non-ferrous metal.
1235. In the event of contamination of the floor, the walls of the baths, the parts of the automatic match machine and the tools, they shall be cleaned by a wet method.
1236. Operations for the manufacture and packing of matches shall be carried out in cotton clothing and headwear impregnated with anti-smouldering composition.
1237. When an automatic match machine is stopped for a period of more than 2 days, matches and match splints shall be removed from it; when it is stopped for less than 2 days, one lower web shall be cleared of splints and matches.
1238. During short-term stoppages of an automatic match machine, the dipping plate shall be lowered into the dipping trough. When the automatic machine section is stopped, the residues of the igniting composition are completely removed and the dipping apparatus is washed.
1239. The door of the magazine of the box-filling machine shall be interlocked with the drive of the machine so that the loading of the magazine with matches is possible only after the machine has been completely stopped, and its starting only after the door of the magazine has been completely closed.
1240. The storage of cassettes of matches shall be organised on racks at a height of not less than 0.6 m from the floor, using spacers of non-ferrous metal where cassettes are stacked one on another. A worker may carry no more than two cassettes at a time.
1241. Means for extinguishing flare-ups of matches shall be kept permanently near the box-filling machines.
1242. The sections for sorting and packing loose matches may be located in the production premises at a distance of not less than 6.0 m from the machines of other sections.
1243. For the removal of broken matches and the arrangement of matches incorrectly placed in cassettes, devices made of materials that do not accumulate static electricity shall be used.
1244. Machines for packing loose matches shall be cleaned of contamination each shift.
1245. When the next portion of phosphorus composition is changed or after the completion of work, the parts of the box-coating machines that come into contact with the phosphorus composition shall be subjected to wet cleaning. Scraping off phosphorus composition with dry objects shall be prohibited.
1246. The stock of phosphorus composition in the premises of the automatic lines shall not exceed the shift requirement.
1247. The premises where the phosphorus composition is applied to matchboxes shall be provided with means for its rapid neutralisation.
1248. When crates are sealed in the production premises, the distance from the place where this work is carried out to the machines shall be not less than 3.0 m.
1249. Nails and metal strapping for sealing plywood crates shall be kept near the packer's workplace on special stands.
1250. In the production premises, the stock of sealed crates shall not exceed the shift output. Crates of matches may be placed at a distance of not less than 3.0 m from the equipment.
1251. The automatic match-making line shall be fitted with light and sound signalling and equipped with safety devices that exclude contact of a person with the moving elements.
1252. Jammed matches and boxes shall be removed from the automatic line after it has been completely stopped, whereas the selection and placing of defective and incorrectly oriented boxes shall be carried out while running, at special sections of the line.
1253. Waste from the servicing area of the automatic line shall be removed as it accumulates, but not less than twice per shift.
1254. The repair and cleaning of the automatic line may be carried out after it has been completely stopped.
1255. The stock of materials in the sections for preparing match (igniting) compositions and adhesive compositions shall not exceed the two-shift requirement. On completion of work, the shift requirement of Berthollet salt and phosphorus may be left in sealed containers.
1256. Match (igniting) composition may be stored in the sections (storeroom) for no more than 2 days, and phosphorus composition for no more than 5 days in a quantity not exceeding the daily requirement, in places located no closer than 4.0 m to the ball mills.
1257. Vessels for the preparation and storage of match (igniting) composition shall be of metal, with devices for carrying them. The use, for the preparation and storage of match (igniting) composition, of vessels with a capacity of more than 50 kg shall be prohibited.
1258. A bath with warm water for washing vessels and appliances shall be installed in the section. The bath shall be cleaned of sediment not less than 1 to 2 times per day.
1259. At each change of the match (igniting) composition, when the vessels are emptied and on completion of work, the equipment, tools, vessels and other appliances that have been in contact with the composition shall be subjected to water-jet washing.
1260. The weighing-out of chemicals shall be carried out in special cabinets equipped with exhaust ventilation.
1261. Ball mills shall be guarded and provided with a drum-tilting mechanism for their loading and unloading. The starting of ball mills for grinding glass shall be interlocked with the starting of the local exhaust ventilation.
1262. The loading of glass into the washing drum and its unloading from it shall be mechanised.
1263. The paste-boiling section shall be located in an isolated room with supply and exhaust ventilation. In the paste-boiling section, a room with a supply of hot and cold water shall be set aside for the cleaning and washing of vessels and containers.
1264. Polyvinyl acetate adhesive compositions shall be kept in closed containers made of aluminium or plastic in a separate room.
1265. Work involving the weighing and preparation of adhesive compositions shall be carried out using personal protective equipment for the hands.
1266. Lye and alum shall be kept in metal vessels. For dispensing lye and alum, measuring vessels with handles shall be used.
1267. When steam is admitted into the cooking tank, the steam valves shall be opened slowly to avoid hydraulic shocks.
1268. The pipeline supplying steam for cooking the paste shall have not less than two shut-off valves in the paste-boiling section. The installation of shut-off valves on flexible hoses or on moving parts of the pipeline shall be prohibited.
1269. The workers of the sections shall be provided with protective clothing impregnated with anti-smouldering composition.
1270. In the sections for preparing match (igniting) compositions and adhesive compositions, regular wet cleaning shall be carried out, not less than twice per day.
1271. The feeding of blanks for machining into four-sided planing machines shall be carried out by feeding devices ensuring their piece-by-piece feeding.
1272. The magazines and hoppers of the machines shall be adjustable to allow the passage of blanks of various cross-sections and shall deliver only one blank at a time to the feed mechanism of the machine.
1273. On cross-cutting machines, the drum shall be enclosed by a guard from above, from the sides and at the ends to prevent the catching of the machine operator's hands by the clamping mechanisms and feed stops.
1274. The minimum length of the blank being machined shall be such that the projecting part of the material from the front end guard is not less than 100 mm.
1275. The feeding of blanks longer than 500 mm shall be mechanised.
1276. The raising of the inclined platform of the unloader with the pack shall be carried out smoothly, without jerks. The speed of raising of the platform shall be regulated depending on the cross-section of the material being dismantled.
1277. To prevent the falling apart of the sawn timber, baffle plates - limiters shall be installed on the side opposite the unloader, on the conveyor or the receiving table.
1278. For carrying out repair and adjustment work under the raised inclined platform of the unloader, supporting stop rods shall be provided.
1279. Multi-saw machines for sawing out the covering strips of parquet boards shall be fitted with saws of identical dimensions (in diameter, number and parameters of teeth).
1280. Pulsating conveyors for assembling panels shall be equipped with automatic light and sound signalling, interlocked with the starting device, which switches on 10 s before the start of the conveyor.
1281. The pulsating conveyor shall be started from the central control panel. Emergency "Stop" buttons shall be provided at each workstation.
1282. For lifting and turning over panels, lifting mechanisms equipped with quick-action grippers shall be used.
1283. The assembly of panels shall be mechanised using pneumatic or electrically powered tools (nut runners, nail-driving tools).
1284. The painting of panels and other house components shall be carried out in special ventilated chambers. Stationary scaffolds with railings shall be provided for workers.
1285. The longitudinal sawing of glued blocks into laminae shall be carried out on equipment fitted with a sound-absorbing casing enclosing the cutting and block-feeding mechanism. The casing shall be provided with lower and upper suction devices of the pneumatic conveying system ensuring the removal of sawdust, dust and toxic substances.
1286. Hydraulic presses, clamping frames and gluing lines shall be provided with local exhaust ventilation on the block loading and unloading side.
1287. The dosing, mixing and pouring of the middle wedge of skis, made of polyurethane, shall be carried out on equipment provided with local exhaust ventilation.
1288. When performing the operations of bending the tips of solid skis on bending-and-drying machines, the electric heating device of the shoes shall be connected to an electrical network with a voltage not exceeding 50 V.
1289. When milling the groove of skis on machines, a special template with a clamping centring device shall be used.
1290. The design of the hand support on the template shall preclude the possibility of the hands coming into contact with the cutting tool.
1291. The reinforcement of the hook of hockey sticks, the manufacture of printing forms (photomasks), and the workstations for painting and decorative finishing of products shall be carried out on equipment provided with local exhaust ventilation.
1292. The grinding and polishing of products shall be carried out on machines fitted with dust-collecting guards.
1293. The impregnation of skis with resin and their drying shall be carried out in sealed chambers equipped with exhaust ventilation.
1294. The areas for manufacturing decorative film shall be equipped with supply-and-exhaust ventilation.
1295. The feeding of paper rolls to the impregnation line, the preparation and supply of impregnating material and the removal of film rolls shall be mechanised. It shall be prohibited to feed torn paper while the impregnating unit is running.
1296. When applying texture by the gravure printing method, impregnating paper, rewinding film and cutting out defects, transverse and longitudinal cutting of film, unwinding and winding rolls, and unpacking and packing rolls of paper and film, means of protection against static electricity shall be used.
1297. When cutting roll facing materials, the roll shall be secured on the unwinder and on the winding shaft.
1298. For cleaning the impregnation bath, tools made of non-ferrous metal shall be used. When cleaning and washing the impregnation bath, the use of hand personal protective equipment shall be mandatory. Waste water generated as a result of washing the impregnation bath shall undergo treatment before being discharged into the sewerage system.
1299. Decorative film shall be stored in a room equipped with exhaust ventilation.
1300. When manually cutting veneer less than 75 mm wide, a template shall be used.
1301. Passing bundles of veneer for a second cut through the gap between the guillotine shears shall be prohibited.
1302. For removing waste from the guillotine shears, special appliances shall be used.
1303. Edge-gluing machines shall be equipped with local exhaust ventilation.
1304. The supply of prepared adhesive to the workstations shall be mechanised. The manual supply of adhesive to the workstations may be carried out where its consumption per shift does not exceed 150 kg. Adhesive may be transported only in closed containers.
1305. Containers and measuring vessels shall bear clear inscriptions indicating the chemical substances contained in them.
1306. The application of adhesive to the panel components of furniture shall be carried out by mechanised means using adhesive-applying devices.
1307. For cleaning and washing adhesive-applying devices, hot water and brushes with long handles shall be used.
1308. Containers and working vessels shall be cleaned and washed at a specially designated area equipped with supply-and-exhaust ventilation.
1309. The starting devices of the press equipment shall be interlocked with the local exhaust ventilation.
1310. The loading of boards into single-opening and multi-opening presses and their unloading shall be mechanised. When manually unloading boards from a press, special ejectors shall be used.
1311. Stacks of panels after facing shall be placed in areas equipped with exhaust ventilation.
1312. Metal spacers, after pressing in multi-opening presses, shall be cooled.
1313. The melting vessels for hot-melt adhesives on the edge-facing lines shall be equipped with local exhaust ventilation.
1314. The drive sprockets and chains of the roller conveyor of the edge-facing line shall be guarded.
1315. The design of a high-frequency current field heating installation (hereinafter referred to as HFC) shall provide for guarding of the working zone on all sides by a special screen. The screening shall ensure free access to the working zone at the time when work on the installation is not being carried out.
1316. The HFC generator shall have an interlock precluding the possibility of its being switched on when the screen is open. The floor near the HFC generator on the control side and near the presses shall have a dielectric covering.
1317. The HFC generator shall be located in a separate room where there is no equipment associated with the operation of the generator, or shall be provided with means of protection against electromagnetic radiation.
1318. Equipment for gluing parts with HFC heating shall be provided with local exhaust ventilation.
1319. The supply of paint-and-varnish materials to the workstations shall be mechanised.
1320. Curtain-coating machines shall be equipped with upper, lower and side suction devices interlocked with the paint-and-varnish material supply system.
1321. Curtain-coating machines shall have means of protection against static electricity. The tanks of curtain-coating machines containing working compounds shall be tightly closed.
1322. Alternating work with nitrocellulose and polyester varnishes on a single curtain-coating machine shall be prohibited.
1323. The position of a worker carrying out work with a spray gun shall be outside the booth for pneumatic spraying of paint-and-varnish materials (at the open aperture of the booth) opposite the hydrofilter. The spray gun shall be earthed.
1324. Electrical starting devices shall be located outside the booth for pneumatic spraying of paint-and-varnish materials (hereinafter referred to as the booth).
1325. Paint-and-varnish material shall be poured into the pressure tank after the pressure in the tank has been released.
1326. Alternating work in the booths with paint-and-varnish materials of different chemical compositions shall be prohibited.
1327. The hydrofilter baths and the filter-separators of the booths shall be cleaned monthly.
1328. For opening containers of paint-and-varnish materials and cleaning the internal walls of the booths, non-sparking tools made of non-ferrous metal shall be used.
1329. The conveyor of the electrostatic painting chamber (hereinafter referred to as the chamber) shall have an enclosure with built-in exhaust systems ensuring the removal of harmful vapours and gaseous substances.
1330. The doors of the chamber shall be provided with interlocks preventing the opening of the doors when the high-voltage rectifier device is switched on and preventing its switching on when the doors of the chamber are open.
1331. The distance from the guard of the chamber to the live parts under voltage shall be not less than 0.8 m, and from the disc atomisers not less than 1.5 m.
1332. The varnish-applying devices and other equipment of the chamber shall be cleaned by mechanised means.
1333. Electrostatic atomisers shall be washed not less than 2 times per shift.
1334. When manually finishing products by the dipping method, appliances shall be used that preclude contact of the workers' hands with the paint-and-varnish materials.
1335. The baths for dipping products shall be provided with enclosures with local exhaust ventilation.
1336. The drying of products after finishing by dipping shall be carried out in drying chambers equipped with exhaust ventilation.
1337. Containers of paint-and-varnish materials shall be closed with lids.
1338. On automated lines for applying paint-and-varnish coatings, the drive sprockets and chain drives shall be guarded. It shall be prohibited to work without protective casings, with protective panels and screens open or raised.
1339. When loading panels onto the lines for applying paint-and-varnish coatings, feeders shall be used.
1340. The lines for applying paint-and-varnish coatings shall be provided with appliances preventing the formation of static electricity charges.
1341. The lines for grinding and polishing paint-and-varnish coatings shall be equipped with dust-collecting installations interlocked with the starting devices of the line.
1342. When working on polishing machines, appliances for securing products shall be used.
1343. The manual application of paint-and-varnish materials to products during the finishing of varnish coatings may be carried out at workstations equipped with local exhaust ventilation.
1344. When performing operations on the grinding and polishing lines and on the grinding and polishing machines, protection against static electricity shall be ensured.
1345. In the grinding sections, wet cleaning of the floor shall be carried out every shift.
1346. For carrying out technological and inter-shop transport and movement of timber, woodworking products and production waste, specialised means intended for the transport and movement of specific types of load shall be used, including fork-lift trucks, compact battery tractors, electric trucks, trolleys and wagons with tipping bodies, and conveyors.
1347. Motor vehicles with internal combustion engines may enter only those rooms which are equipped with mechanical exhaust ventilation.
1348. When working on a fork-lift truck, the following requirements shall be observed: 1) the load shall be pressed against the vertical part of the forks; 2) the load shall be evenly distributed over both forks and may extend beyond the forks by not more than 1/3 of their length; 3) when stacking, the load shall be no higher than the protective device guarding the driver's workstation; 4) do not tear off a frozen or jammed load, do not lift a load when there is no clearance beneath it for the forks, and do not place a load by crane directly onto the gripping device of the fork-lift truck.
1349. When a fork-lift truck with a boom is operating, the load shall first be raised slightly and then transported. Pushing the load off the stack and dragging it shall be prohibited.
1350. Long loads may be transported by a fork-lift truck only in open areas with an even surface. The method of gripping the load shall preclude the possibility of its collapse or fall.
1351. The maximum longitudinal gradient along which loads may be transported by fork-lift trucks shall not exceed the angle of inclination of the fork-lift truck frame.
1352. Trolleys and wagons with tipping bodies, used for carrying out technological and inter-shop transport of timber and woodworking products (hereinafter referred to as wagons), shall be provided with catches preventing the spontaneous tipping of the bodies.
1353. The height of a manual wagon with a load, measured from the level of the rail head, shall not exceed 1.5 m.
1354. Loads transported on wagons shall be in a stable position and, where necessary, shall be secured. The centre of gravity of the load shall be located between the wheel axles.
1355. The manual movement of wagons shall be carried out only by pushing. Standing in front of a moving wagon shall be prohibited.
1356. The interval between single wagons moving along a rail track shall be not less than 10 m. The riding of workers on wagons, whether empty or loaded, shall be prohibited.
1357. Rail tracks running across the site shall consist of fastened rails of a single profile. Tracks inside rooms shall be laid level with the floor. At the end of a track, stops shall be provided.
1358. Turntables shall rest on rollers or balls around their entire circumference. The turntables shall have devices fixing them in a set position. Inside rooms, the turntables shall be laid level with the floor. The gaps between the base and the rotating part of the turntable shall not exceed 5 mm.
1359. The passages along the rail tracks shall have a width of not less than 1.0 m, measured from the clearance gauge of the rolling stock.
1360. Conveyors used for moving timber and woodworking products (hereinafter referred to as conveyors) that cannot be seen along their entire length from the starting point shall be equipped with automatic light-and-sound signalling, interlocked with the starting device, which activates not less than 10 s before the start of their operation. Conveyors 30 m long and more shall have appliances for stopping in emergency situations at any point on the side of the maintenance passage.
1361. Conveyors shall have devices (sides, chutes, walls) for guiding and enclosing the materials they move. The enclosing sides of belt conveyors shall cover the working drums by not less than half. The sprockets of chain conveyors shall have guards covering them on the outer side of the end of the conveyor for not less than 1.0 m from the axis of the sprocket.
1362. Along conveyors located higher than 1.5 m above ground or floor level, walkways - footbridges not less than 1.0 m wide shall be provided, with railings on the outer side of the conveyor and with toe boards at the bottom of the railings not less than 0.15 m high.
1363. The transfer of materials from conveyor to conveyor shall be carried out automatically.
1364. At overhead conveyors, in places where workers may pass beneath them, the possibility of the belt-supporting rollers falling shall be precluded.
1365. At roller conveyors, boards preventing the moved materials from getting under the rollers shall be installed between the rollers. The gap between the edge of the board and the roller shall be not more than 10 mm.
1366. Conveyors in which the axes of the drive and tensioning drums, pulleys and sprockets are higher than 1.5 m above floor level shall have maintenance platforms. In technically justified cases, platforms may be constructed starting from a height of the mechanism axes of 1.8 m above floor level. The vertical distance from the platform decking to the bottom of the building structures (communication systems) projecting above it shall be not less than 2.0 m. The platforms shall be enclosed by railings not less than 1.1 m high, with toe boards provided at the bottom not less than 0.15 m high from the level of the decking.
1367. The stairways of the transfer footbridges and of the conveyor maintenance platforms shall have a width of not less than 0.7 m and shall be installed at an angle of: not more than 45° for continuous use; not more than 60° for use 1 - 2 times per shift. Where it is impossible to install flight stairways, vertical ladders 0.4 - 0.6 m wide may be installed. Vertical ladders more than 2.0 m high shall have guarding in the form of hoops (clamps) on the side of the back of the worker moving along the ladder.
1368. The supply of working compounds of paint-and-varnish materials (with the exception of working compounds of polyester and polyurethane varnishes and acid-curing varnishes) from the varnish-preparation room to the equipment and workstations shall be carried out centrally through pipelines.
1369. Paint-and-varnish material of a single designation (not more than 150 kg per shift) shall be delivered in tightly closed, unbreakable, spark-preventing containers. In the event of an emergency stoppage of the equipment, the paint-and-varnish materials contained in the vessels and in the centralised supply system shall be drained through pipelines into an emergency vessel located outside the building.
1370. When transporting highly flammable liquids (hereinafter referred to as HFL) and combustible liquids (hereinafter referred to as CL) by fork-lift truck, the following requirements shall be met: 1) the fork-lift truck shall be equipped with a spark arrester and earthed; 2) the mass of the load being lifted shall not exceed 50 per cent of the lifting capacity of the fork-lift truck; 3) the travel speed shall not exceed 3 km/h.
1371. For climbing onto a vehicle, gondola car or tank, the worker shall use ladders.
1372. The transport of loads in glass containers from the unloading points to the warehouse and from the warehouse to the loading point shall be carried out on stretchers, trolleys or barrows specially adapted for this purpose, or in baskets. Carrying these loads without special appliances shall be prohibited.
1373. During the loading and unloading of HFL and CL into a vehicle, its engine shall be switched off, unless it is the only means for driving the pumps or other appliances ensuring the loading or unloading.
1374. Adhesives shall be transported only in closed containers.
1375. When moving or loading wood chips at the warehouses, the formation of steep slopes, overhangs and arches shall be prohibited, so as to avoid spontaneous collapses.
1376. The placement of timber, woodworking products and production waste in production premises (at production sites) shall not create harmful and/or hazardous production factors. Production waste shall be regularly collected, removed or disposed of. During its temporary storage, measures shall be taken against contamination of the soil, water and air by it.
1377. The removal of wood waste from the machines shall be mechanised.
1378. Materials, blanks, finished products and waste shall not clutter the workstations. Their temporary storage to a height of not more than 1.5 m from the floor in a production room or at a production site may take place only in a specially designated place equipped with racks, stands and containers with the possibility of mechanised movement and removal from the room or the site.
1379. The removal of waste containing toxic substances shall be carried out after their neutralisation.
1380. The preparations used for the antiseptic treatment of sawn timber shall be stored in special warehouse premises in closed containers. For the preparation of the solution, the shift requirement of antiseptic preparations may be stored near the mixing tank.
1381. Wood flour shall be stored in warehouse premises in dust-tight closed bags.
1382. For stacking bags of wood flour at the warehouses, mechanisms adapted for operation in explosion-hazardous rooms shall be used. For mechanised stacking, the bags of flour are first placed into separate stacks on pallets made of dry boards or other non-sparking material.
1383. Coniferous-vitamin flour shall be stored in a covered warehouse in stacks measuring 5 x 5 m and not more than 2 m high. The storage of flour with a moisture content above 15 per cent shall be prohibited. The vertical distance from the stacks to the ceiling or roof shall be not less than 0.5 m. The width of the passage between stacks or between a stack and a wall shall be not less than 0.8 m.
1384. The warehouse for coniferous-vitamin flour shall be located separately from the production premises or shall be separated from them by a wall of non-combustible building material.
1385. Coniferous-vitamin flour shall be stored in tight bags, without allowing them to tear or become wet.
1386. Finished decorative film shall be stored in rooms provided with exhaust ventilation.
1387. Adhesives based on synthetic resins shall be stored in separate rooms or specially designated places in the production premises.
1388. The storage of formalin, phenol, caustic soda, soda ash, lime, protein adhesives, resins and their solutions in open containers shall be prohibited.
1389. The components of finishing materials for furniture production shall be stored at HFL and CL warehouses equipped with supply-and-exhaust ventilation. Tanks (vessels) and filling-and-draining devices shall be used only for the products for which they are intended. Tanks containing HFL and CL, for their emptying in an emergency situation, shall be provided with quick-action shut-off fittings with remote control.
1390. Manual stacking of barrels of finishing materials at the warehouses may be carried out in not more than two tiers, and mechanised stacking in not more than three tiers. The width of the passages for transporting barrels shall be not less than 1.8 m, and of the passages between stacks and racks not less than 1 m.
1391. Containers (barrels, cans) that have held paint-and-varnish materials and their components, solvents and thinners shall be cleaned of material residues, closed with stoppers and handed over for storage at special sites.
1392. Open sites for the storage of containers shall be located at a distance of not less than 20 m from production and other buildings.
1393. In the manufacture of matches, polyvinyl acetate adhesive compositions shall be stored in closed containers made of aluminium or plastic in a separate room. Lye and alum shall be stored in metal vessels.
1394. For the storage of chemicals, materials and finished products of match production, special warehouse premises equipped with mechanical ventilation shall be provided.
1395. Red phosphorus shall be stored in a dry separate room. Paraffin, technical acids and adhesive compositions may be stored in a common warehouse room on separate racks in sealed containers. For paraffin, non-combustible boxes shall be provided.
1396. Cullet (lamp, bottle or slag glass) shall be stored in the warehouse in boxes or loose in specially partitioned places (bins).
1397. Glass containers with phosphoric acid shall be transported in wicker baskets or wooden boxes with handles for ease of loading and unloading.
1398. Potassium chlorate shall be stored in separate storehouses. Barrels and drums of potassium chlorate shall be stacked horizontally in the warehouse.
1399. Potassium chlorate may be issued from the warehouse in sealed containers.
1400. After operations of receiving and issuing potassium chlorate, cleaning shall be carried out at the warehouse. In the event of potassium chlorate being spilled, cleaning shall be carried out immediately. Wet cleaning of the walls, windows and doors shall be carried out not less than 1 time per week.
1401. A stock of the components of the anti-smouldering composition shall be stored in a specially designated room in a quantity not exceeding the two-shift requirement.
1402. During the manufacture of matchboxes, the stock of flammable liquids for washing and cleaning the printing plates of the printing presses shall not exceed 10 l per machine when stored in the subdivision and 20 l in a place specially intended for storage. Flammable liquids shall be stored in sealed vessels.
1403. The storage of cassettes with matches shall be arranged on racks at a height of not less than 0.6 m from the floor, using spacers made of non-ferrous metal in the case of stacking the cassettes one on top of another.
1404. Liquid chemicals shall be transported in special containers positioned with their stoppers facing upwards, and free-flowing chemicals - in bags. The containers shall bear warning inscriptions.
1405. Adhesives based on synthetic resins used for veneering furniture shall be stored in separate rooms or in specially designated areas of production premises.
1. Permit 1.1. The performing authority __________________________________________________ (position, name of the subdivision, surname and initials) with a work team of ___ persons is instructed to carry out the following work: __ ___________________________________________________________________________ (content, description, place of performance and scope of work) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 1.2. During the preparation and performance of the work, the following safety measures shall be ensured: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 1.3. Commence the work: at ___ h ___ min on "__" ____________________ 20__. 1.4. Finish the work: at ___ h ___ min on "__" ____________________ 20__. 1.5. The permit was issued by the person in charge of the work _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ (title of position, surname and initials, signature) 1.6. The written permission of the operating organisation for the performance of the work is attached. [table - reproduced in the Russian original]
2. Admission 2.1. A labour protection briefing to the extent of the instructions _______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ (specify the titles or numbers of the instructions under which the briefing was conducted) was conducted for the work team of _______ persons, including: [table - reproduced in the Russian original] 2.2. The actions ensuring the safety of the work have been carried out. The performing authority and the members of the work team have been familiarised with the specific features of the work. The site has been prepared for the performance of the work. [table - reproduced in the Russian original] 2.3. Familiarised with the conditions of the work and the permit to work received [table - reproduced in the Russian original] 2.4. The preparation of the workplace has been checked. I authorise the commencement of the work. [table - reproduced in the Russian original]
3. Registration of the daily admission to the performance of the work 3.1. [table - reproduced in the Russian original] 3.2. The work has been completed, the workplaces have been cleared, the workers have been withdrawn from the place of performance of the work. [table - reproduced in the Russian original] [table - reproduced in the Russian original]